Ludvík Vaculík

Ludvík Vaculík (July 23 1926 in Brumov) is a Czech writer and journalist. A prominent samizdat writer, he is most famous as the author of the "Two Thousand Words" manifesto of June 1968.

Pre-1968

President of Czechoslovakia and Communist Party leader Antonín Novotný and his fellow conservatives had begun taking a more repressive approach toward intellectuals and writers after the Six Day War [R.J. Crampton, "Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century -- and After", 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1997), 323.] of May 1967. The following month, Vaculík, then still a member of the Communist Party, attended the Fourth Congress of the Union of Writers. Others in attendance included communists Pavel Kohout, Ivan Klíma, and Milan Kundera, as well as non-Party member Václav Havel. [Hans Renner, "A History of Czechoslovakia since 1945", trans. Evelien Hurst-Buist (New York: Routledge, 1989), 39.] Vaculík made an inflammatory speech in which he rejected the leading role of the party as unnecessary and criticized it for its restrictive cultural policies and failure to address social issues. [Crampton, "Eastern Europe", 323.] Havel recalled the mixed response of the fellow writers to Vaculík's remarks: on the one hand, they were “delighted that someone had spoken the truth… but [their] delight was tempered by doubts about whether direct confrontation on the political level would lead anywhere, and by fears that it could stimulate a counterattack by the power center.” [Václav Havel, "Disturbing the Peace: A Conversation with Karel Hvížďala", trans. Paul Wilson (New York:Knopf, 1990), 85.] Novotný and his supporters did indeed try to bring the writers' union under their control after the congress, but failed. [Crampton, "Eastern Europe", 323.] Vaculík's and other writers' speeches at the conference, with their anti-Novotný sentiments, increased the gap between the conservative Novotný supporters and more moderate members of the party leadership, [Renner, "History of Czechoslovakia", 39.] a division that would contribute to Novotný's eventual fall.

The Prague Spring and the "Two Thousand Words"

Vaculík was among the most progressive members of the Communist Party and so more radical than Alexander Dubček, who had become Party leader in January 1968. Hence, Vaculík and others generally felt that the reforms of the April Action Programme were the minimum necessary and that they should be quickly and firmly enforced. [Renner, "History of Czechoslovakia", 59.] In hopes of influencing voters in upcoming party congress elections, Vaculík released the manifesto "Two Thousand Words to Workers, Farmers, Scientists, Artists, and Everyone" in several major Prague newspapers, complete with signatures of other public figures. The date was 27 June 1968, the day after preliminary censorship was abolished by the national assembly.

In the "Two Thousand Words," Vaculík asked that the public “demand the resignation of people who have misused their power” by criticism, demonstrations, and strikes. [Ludvík Vaculík, “Two Thousand Words to Workers, Farmers, Scientists, Artists, and Everyone,” in "From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe since 1945", ed. Gale Stokes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996), 130.] He also expressed concern over the "recent apprehension" regarding the reforms due to "the possibility that foreign forces"-those of the Warsaw Treaty Organization-"may intervene in Czechoslovakia's internal development." [Vaculík, “Two Thousand Words,” 130.] If this were to happen, Vaculík argued:

…the only thing we can do is to hold our own and not indulge in any provocation. We can assure our government-with weapons if need be-as long as it does what we give it a mandate to do. [Vaculík, “Two Thousand Words,” 130.]

In case of invasion, Vaculík felt that the people of Czechoslovakia should defend themselves and their government (so long as it remained acceptably reformist) with force.

Impact of the "Two Thousand Words"

Despite the overall moderate tone and Marxist-Leninist orthodoxy, [Crampton, "Eastern Europe", 334.] the "Two Thousand Words" called for action on the part of the public in case of military intervention and therefore denied the leading role of the party, as Vaculík's 1967 speech had. It was popular throughout Czechoslovakia with both intellectuals and workers, and its popularity only increased after the party officially condemned it. [Crampton, "Eastern Europe", 334.] It also significantly increased the concerns of the Soviet Union. Following the “Two Thousand Words,” Brezhnev's party leadership, seeing a situation similar to that in 1956 Hungary developing, [Renner, "History of Czechoslovakia", 67.] used the term "counterrevolution" to describe the Prague Spring for the first time. [Alan Levy, "So Many Heroes", (Sagaponack, NY: Second Chance Press, 1980), 166.] If a counterrevolution was taking place (and the Soviet Union was increasingly disposed to categorizing the events in Czechoslovakia as such, as other radicals continued to act and Dubček failed to gain their confidence), socialism as the Soviet Union saw it was threatened and invasion by Warsaw Treaty Organization troops, as occurred 20-21 August 1968, was deemed justified. This policy of the acceptability of using force wherever socialism was thought to be threatened would become known as the Brezhnev doctrine, and Vaculík's "Two Thousand Words" was an integral step toward this early application of it.

Vaculík as a Dissident

After Gustáv Husák came to power in 1969 and censorship increased, Vaculík (now no longer a party member) was part of the circle of dissident writers in Czechoslovakia. In 1973, he started "Edice Petlice" ("Edition Padlock"), a samizdat series that he ran until 1979. Others followed with their own series, despite harassment from the party's secret police. [Igor Hájek, "Traditions of Czech Literature: Curses and Blessings," in "Czechoslovakia 1918-88: Seventy Years of Independence", ed. H. Gordon Skilling (Oxford: Macmillan, 1991), 188.] Some samizdat authors, including Vaculík, were also published in the west. [Hájek, “Traditions of Czech Literature,” 189.]

The core of the samizdat authors eventually developed and signed the foundation document of Charter 77; [Renner, "History of Czechoslovakia", 126.] Vaculík attended the second of the planning meetings in December 1976. [Havel, "Disturbing the Peace", 132.] On 6 January 1977, Vaculík, along with Havel and Pavel Landovský, an actor, attempted to take a copy of the charter to the post office to mail to the Czechoslovak government. Their car was pulled over by the Party secret police, and all three were taken in for interrogation. Other signatories were subsequently subjected to interrogations and searches of their homes, as well. [Renner, "History of Czechoslovakia", 138.]

In late 1978, however, Vaculík published the article "Remarks on Courage," a piece that helped set the tone for criticism of charterists. [Renner, "History of Czechoslovakia", 135.] Of the original signatories, most were from the intelligentsia in Prague and Brno, [Crampton, "Eastern Europe", 348.] and Vaculík and others warned against them becoming so isolated that average citizens could no longer relate to Charter. His criticism worked against mythologization around Charter and ensured continued discussion of its position and role. [Renner, "History of Czechoslovakia", 135.]

After Communism

Vaculík continues to write; the official ban on his works was lifted in late 1989. He has a weekly column in "Lidové Noviny" that features feuilletons addressing various Czech political and cultural issues, just as much of his underground work during Communism had. [Linda Mastalir, "Ludvík Vaculík: a Czechoslovak man of letters", http://www.radio.cz/en/article/81466.]

elected Works

*"The Axe" (1966) [http://nupress.northwestern.edu/title.cfm?ISBN=0-8101-1018-0]
*"The Guinea Pigs" (1970)
*"Český snář" ("The Czech Dreambook") (1980)
*"A Cup of Coffee With My Interrogator: The Prague Chronicles of Ludvík Vaculík" (1987)

ee also

*Prague Spring
*Normalization (Czechoslovakia)
*Samizdat
*Charter 77
*Libri Prohibiti

Notes

References

*Crampton, R.J. "Eastern Europe in the Twentieth Century -- and After". 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 1997.
*Hájek, Igor. "Traditions of Czech Literature: Curses and Blessings." In "Czechoslovakia 1918-88: Seventy Years of Independence", edited by H. Gordon Skilling, 177-95. Oxford: Macmillan, 1991.
*Havel, Václav. "Disturbing the Peace: A Conversation with Karel Hvížďala". Translated by Paul Wilson. New York: Knopf, 1990.
*Levy, Alan. "So Many Heroes". Sagaponack, NY: Second Chance Press, 1980.
*Mastalir, Linda. "Ludvík Vaculík: a Czechoslovak man of letters". 25/07/2006. Radio Praha. 26 April 2007. .
*Renner, Hans. "A History of Czechoslovakia since 1945". Translated by Evelien Hurst-Buist. New York: Routledge, 1989.
*Vaculík, Ludvík. “Two Thousand Words to Workers, Farmers, Scientists, Artists, and Everyone.” In "From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe since 1945", edited by Gale Stokes, 126-30. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996.

External links

* [http://www.ludvikvaculik.cz/ Website about Vaculík and his work] (in Czech)
* [http://library.thinkquest.org/C001155/documents/doc26.htm Two Thousand Words]
* [http://www.pwf.pragonet.cz/1998/vaculik.htm How to Make a Boy - an example]