Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon

The Countess of Avon
Spouses of the Prime Ministers of the United Kingdom
In office 7 April 1955 – 9 January 1957
Preceded by	Clementine, Lady Churchill
Succeeded by	Lady Dorothy Macmillan
Personal details
Born	28 June 1920 (1920-06-28) (age 91) Cromwell Road, Kensington
Spouse(s)	Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon, married on 14 August 1952, died on 14 January 1977 (&1000000000000002400000024 years, &10000000000000153000000153 days)
Relations	Lord Randolph Churchill (grandfather) Lady Randolph Churchill (grandmother) Winston Churchill (uncle) The Baroness Spencer-Churchill (aunt) Diana Churchill, Randolph Churchill, The Baroness Audley, Marigold Churchill and The Baroness Soames (cousin) John Spencer-Churchill (brother)

Anne Clarissa Eden, Countess of Avon (née Spencer-Churchill, 28 June 1920) is the widow of Sir Anthony Eden, 1st Earl of Avon (1897–1977), who was British Prime Minister from 1955-1957. She married Eden in 1952, becoming Lady Eden in 1954 when he was made a Knight of the Garter and Countess of Avon in 1961 on his elevation to the peerage. Her memoir, sub-titled From Churchill to Eden, was published in 2007 under the name of Clarissa Eden.

Antecedents

Lady Avon was the daughter of Major Jack Spencer-Churchill (1880–1947), the younger brother of Winston Churchill, and Lady Gwendoline ("Goonie") Bertie (1885–1941), daughter of the 7th Earl of Abingdon, who married in 1908. She is thus the niece of Winston Churchill, who was Prime Minister during the Second World War (1940-5) and from 1951-5, and granddaughter of Lord Randolph Churchill, Chancellor of the Exchequer 1886-7, and the American society beauty Jenny Jerome. Her paternal great-grandfather was the 7th Duke of Marlborough; her maternal great-great-grandfather was the 3rd Marquess of Londonderry,^[1] half-brother of the 2nd Marquess, who, as Viscount Castlereagh, was Foreign Secretary during the Congress of Vienna (1815) that followed the Napoleonic Wars.

Father and brothers

Jack Churchill was a stockbroker, who had been found a suitable position by the financier Sir Ernest Cassel. At the time this was considered an unsuitable career for a "gentleman" and, in 1907, his marriage to Lady Gwendoline had to be postponed because her mother thought him impecunious. Though self-effacing and inoffensive, a good deal of unfounded rumour attached to him as a young man (as it did to much of the Churchill clan, though in some cases for better reason): among other things, it was suggested that his natural father was the fifth Earl of Roden and that he had murdered Lord Percy, heir to the Duke of Northumberland, who was whispered to have been the lover of Clementine Hozier, whom Winston Churchill married in 1908.^[2] Jack Churchill served with distinction in the Boer War and the First World War, being awarded both the Croix de Guerre and the Légion d'Honneur during the latter conflict.

Lady Avon's elder brothers were Johnnie (1909–1992), an artist, and Henry Winston (known as Peregrine) (1913–2002).

The ancestry of Lady Avon in three generations

Clarissa Spencer-Churchill, Lady Eden (Countess of Avon 1961)	Father: John Strange Spencer-Churchill DSO TD	Paternal Grandfather: Rt. Hon. Lord Randolph Henry Spencer-Churchill	Paternal Great-grandfather: John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Lady Frances Vane-Tempest-Stewart
		Paternal Grandmother: Jeanette (Jenny) Jerome	Paternal Great-grandfather: Leonard Jerome
			Paternal Great-grandmother: Clara Hall
	Mother: Lady Gwendoline Bertie ("Goonie") (married John Churchill 1908)	Maternal Grandfather: Montagu Bertie, 7th Earl of Abingdon	Maternal Great-grandfather: Montagu Bertie, 6th Earl of Abingdon
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Elizabeth Harcourt
		Maternal Grandmother: Gwendoline Mary Dormer	Maternal Great-grandfather: Lt.-Gen. the Hon. James Charlemagne Dormer
			Maternal Great-grandmother: Ella Francis Catherine Alison

Early life

Lady Avon was born at her family's home in the Cromwell Road, Kensington, London. She was educated at Kensington High School and then at Downham, a "fashionable boarding school ... orientated to horses",^[3] which she disliked and left early without any formal qualifications.^[4] Lady Avon felt also the need to get away from home - "I just wanted to get out from under the whole thing of being loved too much".^[5]

Paris, Tuscany and London

In 1937 Lady Avon studied art in Paris.^[6] Her mother had asked the British Ambassador, Sir George Clerk, to keep a watchful eye on her, an unintended consequence of this being that she was taken under the wing of an Embassy press secretary who, with his wife, introduced her to a round of café society parties.^[5] Among the friends Lady Avon made in Paris were the monocled Fitzroy Maclean, a future politician and adventurer who was then third secretary at the embassy, and the writer Marthe Bibesco. Together with two female contemporaries, she made a visit to the Folies Bergère, an unusual destination for sixteen year old girls, where the singer Joséphine Baker, clad only in a circlet of bananas, became the first naked female body she had ever seen'^[3]

In the summer of 1937 Lady Avon accompanied Julian, Earl of Oxford & Asquith (grandson of Liberal Prime Minister Herbert Asquith) and his mother, Katherine, on a tour, mainly by third class rail, across the Apennines in the Tuscany region of Italy.^[3] Among other artistic treasures, she saw for the first time the fifteenth century frescos by Piero della Francesca at Arezzo, one of which, "The Queen of Sheba Adoring the Holy Wood" (c.1452), she nominated in 2010 as her favourite painting: "in an age of violence he went on painting clearly and calmly".^[7]

When Lady Avon returned to London she enrolled at the Slade School of Fine Art. Around this time she displayed her individualism by acquiring a specially tailored trouser suit along the lines of that associated with the actress Marlene Dietrich^[3] after the latter's appearance in the film, Morocco (1930). 1938 was Lady Avon's "coming out" year and she was regarded as "one of the more notable débutantes"^[8] in a "vintage year for beautiful girls",^[9] but, having mixed with older and more sophisticated people in Paris, she seems to have disdained the circuit - since described by Anne de Courcy as "more or less naive seventeen- and eighteen-year-olds suddenly flung into a round of gaities"^[10] - and was never presented at Court. Another débutante of 1938, Deborah Mitford, later Duchess of Devonshire, recalled her exhibiting "more than a whiff of [Greta] Garbo in a dress by Maggy Rouff of Paris".^[9] Among those with whom Lady Avon danced at that year's Liberal Ball was the future double agent Donald Maclean who complained that she was too smart to be "a proper Liberal girl like the Bonham-Carters or the Asquiths".^[11]

In 1939 Lady Avon spent another four months in Paris and in August of that year travelled to Romania as guest of the novelist Elizabeth Bibesco and her husband Antoine (Elizabeth's mother, Margot Asquith, having been left distraught at the conclusion of her daughter's visit to her in London earlier in the year^[12]). Lady Avon only just managed to return to England - on one of the last flights out of Bucharest - before the start of the Second World War.^[3]

Second World War: Oxford and the Foreign Office

In 1940, encouraged by economist Roy Harrod, Lady Avon went to Oxford to study philosophy, though not as an undergraduate because of her lack of qualifications. While there she became associated with, among other leading academics, Isaiah Berlin and Maurice Bowra.^[6] Lady Antonia Fraser, whose father, later Lord Longford, was a Fellow of Christ Church, has described her as "the don's delight".^[5] For a short while she was tutored by A. J. Ayer, a future Wykeham Professor of Logic known for his libidinous lifestyle,^[13] although his womanising was not apparently extended to her.^[3]

When Lady Avon moved back to London she decoded ciphers in the Communications Department of the Foreign Office, where her future husband was the Secretary of State from 1940-5. One of her colleagues was Anthony Nutting, who, in 1956, resigned from Eden's government because of his opposition to the Suez operation. For a time Lady Avon lived in a roof-top room at the Dorchester Hotel, which she obtained at a cut-price rate because of its vulnerability to bombing^[3] (although the building was a modern, steel-framed structure with extensive underground accommodation that was considered relatively safe during air raids^[14]).

Post-war

After the war Lady Avon worked at London Films for the producer Sir Alexander Korda, who she thought made "terrible mistakes without really knowing what has happened",^[15] and as a reviewer for the fashion magazine Vogue. She met actor Orson Welles, who became a dining companion, on the set of the film, The Third Man (1949), and escorted actress Paulette Goddard, who played Mrs Cheverley in Korda's production of Oscar Wilde's An Ideal Husband (1947), on a "rather wild trip" to Brussels.^[5] During the latter excursion Goddard expressed a wish to attend a pornographic show, but, although Korda's representatives made arrangements for this, she shied away when she and Lady Avon, having climbed "a flight of shabby stairs", were greeted by two men in black suits.^[3]

Lady Avon also edited the magazine Contact, which was part of George Weidenfeld's publishing empire.

As a result of this eclectic early career, Lady Avon widened her circle of friends and contacts beyond those in society and politics with whom she already had close connections. As one of Anthony Eden's biographers put it, she was "equally at home in the worlds of Hatfield and Fitzrovia",^[16] while a reviewer of her memoir wrote that "few lives can have touched so many social worlds, or graced them so elegantly".^[17]

Memoir (2007)

Glimpses of Lady Avon's life as a single woman, for example, in diaries and other reminiscences, are quite extensive. Although she had indicated to former Labour Member of Parliament Woodrow, Lord Wyatt that no memoir of her own would appear until after her death,^[18] a volume, edited by Cate Haste (Lady Bragg), was published by Weidenfeld & Nicholson in 2007.^[3] Phoenix published a paperback edition in 2008. Haste had previously collaborated with Cherie Booth, wife of the then Prime Minister Tony Blair, to produce a biographical chapter about Lady Avon in 2004 as part of a wider study of Prime Ministerial spouses.^[5] Lady Avon noted that, after meeting Haste, she realised that the latter's "enthusiasm and professionalism could make it happen".^[3]

A photograph on the dust jacket of the memoir, depicting a young, pensive Lady Avon, cigarette in hand, conveyed an alluring and slightly Bohemian image. The book was generally well received by critics^[19] and even generated an engaging "spoof" in the satirical magazine Private Eye ("In the early 1950s I married Anthony Eden, a politician of above average height, with a prominent moustache ..."^[20]). Historian Andrew Roberts described it as "the last great British autobiography of the pre-war and wartime era",^[21] while art critic John McEwen remarked on its "witty and elegant restraint".^[7]

Friends and acquaintances

Early admirers

Having lost both parents by her mid twenties, Lady Avon was comparatively independent for a young woman of her time. In later years she apparently remarked to Wyatt on "how much more restricted girls were when she was young", while conceding that she herself had had her first affair at seventeen with a "man who was quite well-known and … still alive [in 1986]".^[22] She had many devoted admirers, an early "ardent suitor" being Sir Colville Barclay,^[23] diplomat and painter, who was stepson of Lord Vansittart, former permanent head of the Foreign Office.^[24]

Lady Avon was quoted by Wyatt as having told him that she resisted the amorous advances of Duff Cooper, wartime Information Minister and British Ambassador in Paris 1944-7, who, thirty years her senior, had also been a friend of her mother:^[25] "I was the only woman who he never got more than a peck on the cheek from".^[26] She informed Cooper in 1947, following a weekend in the country with Anthony Eden, at which the only other guest was the French Ambassador to Britain, that Eden "never stops trying to make love to her".^[27] When Cooper was raised to the peerage (as Viscount Norwich), he sought Lady Avon's views as to a title - "Think, child, think ... Have you any suggestions? (not funny ones)"^[28] - and she was the recipient of the last letter that he wrote (from White's club) shortly before his death at sea on New Year's Day, 1954.^[28]

Other friends

Among Lady Avon's many other friends, a number of whom were some years older than she, were novelists Evelyn Waugh, Anthony Powell and Nancy Mitford (whose sister Deborah "found her [Lady Avon] rather alarming"^[29]), painter Lucian Freud and choreographer Frederick Ashton. When she was still in her teens James Pope-Hennessy modelled on her the character of Perdita in London Fabric (1939) and dedicated the book "To Clarissa".^[3] Gerald, Lord Berners used her as the basis of a character in his novel Far From the Madding War (1941), while photographer Cecil Beaton, 16 years her senior, treated her as a special confidante and introduced her to the reclusive Swedish actress Greta Garbo.^[30] Lady Avon thought the writer and horticulturalist Vita Sackville-West (whose husband, the politician and diplomat Harold Nicolson was a friend of her mother) "an interesting romantic figure", but felt "dunched" by her "remote and rather superior" manner. Visiting her at Sissinghurst some years later, she "thought the less of her" for troubling to provide, evidently in a hurry, table napkins that were still damp.^[3]

Like Lady Avon herself, many of her acquaintances frequented the bookshop Heywood Hill, next to the hairdresser Trumper's in Mayfair's Curzon Street, which, during the war was managed by Nancy Mitford and became a regular meeting place^[3]: according to Mitford's sister, Diana, Lady Mosley, "its ground floor room didn't just look like a private club, it very nearly was one".^[31]

Lady Avon was a long-standing friend of Anne Fleming, wife of novelist Ian Fleming and lover of Hugh Gaitskell, leader of the Labour Party 1955-63, who had previously been married to Viscount Rothermere. Lady Avon and composer and playwright Noel Coward became godparents in 1952 to the Flemings’ son Caspar,^[32] who died of a drug overdose in 1975. In later years, as a widow, she was evidently close to the influential solicitor and adviser Lord Goodman.^[33]

Relationship with Anthony Eden

Lady Avon first met her future husband at Cranborne, Dorset (home of the future 5th Marquess of Salisbury) in 1936 when she was sixteen. Already famous at the time for his elegant attire and Homburg hat, she was struck by Eden's tweed pinstriped trousers.^[34]

Winston Churchill and the wartime link

There was some further contact during the war by virtue of the circles in which she and Eden both moved and through her family ties with Winston Churchill, who became Prime Minister in 1940. An illustration of her occasional proximity to the centre of power was that, between meetings of the War Cabinet on 30 May 1940, when the Dunkirk evacuation was at its height, she was present when Churchill lunched with her parents and the Duke and Duchess of Marlborough.^[35] Lady Avon has described this occasion as "a nightmare, with news of people's deaths coming in ...".^[36] After her mother's death in 1941, she stayed at Chequers, the Prime Minister's country home in Buckinghamshire.

R .A. Butler, then a junior Minister, recalled a dinner party in Eden’s flat above the Foreign Office, following the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941. Attempting to defuse an argument between Churchill and Lord Beaverbrook about their respective motivation during the Abdication crisis of 1936, Lady Avon, just turned twenty-one, proclaimed with patent improbability that she had three favourites, King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, King Leopold III of Belgium and the aviator Charles Lindbergh.^[37] (All three men, for various reasons, would not have appealed much to Churchill at that point in the war.)

Marriage to Eden

A more defined relationship with Eden, who was 23 years older than Lady Avon, developed gradually after they had sat next to each other at a dinner party in about 1947. Eden had been monopolised for much of the meal by a lady on his other side and afterwards, in an undertone, invited Lady Avon out to dinner.^[38] In 1950 Eden was divorced from his first wife, Beatrice, née Beckett (1905–57). Although she was a Roman Catholic and her church was opposed to divorce, Lady Avon married Eden, who had become Foreign Secretary again in 1951, in a civil ceremony at Caxton Hall, London on 14 August 1952. This event drew large crowds, on a level with those earlier in the year for the wedding of film stars Elizabeth Taylor and Michael Wilding,^[5] prompting Harold Macmillan, Minister of Housing, to note that "it's extraordinary how much 'glamour' he [Eden] still has and how popular he is".^[39] The reception was held at 10, Downing Street, the Prime Minister's official residence.

Attitudes to the marriage

Eden remains the only British Prime Minister to have been divorced (although he was one of nine to have been married twice^[40]). There was criticism of the marriage in the Church Times - "Mr. Eden's action this week shows how far the climate of public opinion in this matter has changed for the worse"^[41] - and from some others in the Anglican church, including the Archbishop of Sydney, who drew parallels with Edward VIII's having given up the throne to marry an American divorcée. Macmillan, among others, thought such comparisons unfair: "Miss Churchill cannot be compared with Mrs Simpson, who had had two husbands"^[42] However, Lady Avon's decision drew also the opprobrium of Evelyn Waugh,^[43] a convert to Catholicism after divorce from his first wife, who professed to have been in love with Lady Avon himself^[3] and, a few years earlier, had repeatedly berated the poet John Betjeman for his Anglo-Catholic beliefs.^[44] Waugh enquired of Lady Avon, "Did you never think that you were contributing to the loneliness of Calvary by your desertion [of the faith]?".^[3]

On the eve on the wedding, John Colville, a long-time private secretary of Winston Churchill, who, in his younger days, had been part of the same social “set” as Churchill's niece, recorded in his diary that Lady Avon, who was staying at Churchill's home at Chartwell, Kent, was "very beautiful, but ... still strange and bewildering". He added that Churchill "feels avuncular to his orphaned niece, gave her a cheque for £500 and told me that he thought she had a most unusual personality".^[45] According to Lady Avon herself, Churchill's wife Clementine thought her "too independent and totally unsuitable",^[3] while the marriage is said to have exacerbated the antagonism towards Eden of the Churchills' often wayward son Randolph, who, having initially defended his cousin to Evelyn Waugh, gave her "two years to knock him [Eden] into shape".^[16] His subsequent attacks on Eden in the press culminated in a scathing biography, The Rise and Fall of Sir Anthony Eden (1959).

The issues relating to the Edens' marriage resurfaced in 1955 when Eden was prime minister. In that year The Princess Margaret, sister of The Queen, announced that "mindful of the Church [of England]'s teaching that Christian marriage is indissoluble", she had decided not to marry Group Captain Peter Townsend, a divorcé.^[46] Although recently available evidence suggests that the Eden government was prepared to be reasonably accommodating of such a marriage and that Margaret would have needed only to renounce her right of succession to the throne,^[47] Townsend reflected in the 1970s that

Eden could not fail to sympathise with the Princess, all the more so that while his own second marriage had incurred no penalty, either for him or his wife, he had to warn the Princess that my second marriage - to her - would [mean] she would have to renounce her royal rights, functions and income.^[48]

Married life

Historian Hugh Thomas noted that, though "non-political", Lady Avon was interested in foreign affairs, having written a Berlin diary for the literary magazine Horizon.^[49] The first five years of her marriage were dominated by Eden's political career and by the effects of a botched operation on his gall bladder in 1953 which caused lasting problems.^[50] Eden's private secretary, Evelyn Shuckburgh, recalled Lady Avon's role in ensuring that the complaint that led to the operation had been diagnosed properly: "When Eden acquired a loving wife, Sir [Horace] Evans was called in ..."^[51] Before then Eden had travelled with a tin box containing medicaments that ranged from aspirins to morphia injections.^[52]

Lady Avon maintained many of her wider acquaintances. For example, Cecil Beaton and Greta Garbo visited 10 Downing Street at her invitation in October 1956. They drank vodka and ice and Beaton recorded Lady Avon's observation that her husband was kept awake by the sound of motor scooters,^[53] which were growing in popularity among young people in the 1950s. Lady Avon is said to have murmured, "he can't keep away", as Eden, in Beaton's words, "gangled in like a colt" and proclaimed to Garbo, who had a cigarette holder between her teeth, that he had always wanted to meet her.^[53]

The Edens' marriage, which lasted until his death on 14 January 1977, was, by all accounts, an extremely happy one,^[54] though Lady Avon miscarried in 1954^[34] and there were no children. Her stepson, Nicholas, Eden's surviving son from his first marriage, who succeeded him as 2nd Earl of Avon, was a Minister in Margaret Thatcher's Government in the 1980s, but died of AIDS in 1985.

Eden's premiership

Churchill had told Lady Avon, following her honeymoon in 1952, that he wanted to give up the premiership.^[55] However, it was not until 6 April 1955 that Eden succeeded him as Prime Minister, shortly afterward winning a general election in which his Conservative Party polled the largest percentage of the popular vote recorded by a party between 1945 and the present day.^[56] Colville noted that, at a dinner, attended by the Queen, to mark Churchill’s retirement, the Duchess of Westminster had put her foot through Lady Avon’s train, causing the monarch's consort, The Duke of Edinburgh, to remark, "that's torn it, in more than one sense".^[57]

Eden’s premiership lasted less than two years. For much of this period Eden was the subject of hostility from elements of the Conservative press, notably the Daily Telegraph,^[58] the wife of whose Chairman, Lady Pamela Berry (a noted society hostess, described by the biographer of her father, Lord Birkenhead, as "the politician manquée of the second generation"^[59]) was said by some to have had a "blood row" (Macmillan's phrase) with Lady Avon. The latter's attempts to make up this puzzling rift were apparently shunned.^[60]

Chateleine at Downing Street and Chequers

As hostess at 10 Downing Street, Lady Avon oversaw the organisation of official receptions. She brought in new caterers, causing US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles to lose a bet with a fellow dinner guest that he knew "exactly what every course is going to be".^[34] Because the Edens' tenure was so short, Lady Avon's plans to return the fabric and furniture of the house to the styles of the 1730s, when it was built, were never realised.^[5]

Lady Avon was not very fond of Chequers, though she did take a keen interest in the garden and grounds, introducing old fashioned roses and increasing the range of fruit trees. However, her successor, Lady Dorothy Macmillan, so keen a horticulturalist that she sometimes gardened at night, removed yellow and white flowers planted by Lady Avon and replaced them with roses of "normal colour".^[61] One episode at Chequers attracted considerable publicity. In January 1956 Lady Avon politely requested the occupant of a farm worker's cottage on the estate to hang her washing where it could not be seen by visitors.^[34] Although it seems that the washing may have been hung across a lime walk, beyond the boundary of the cottage garden itself,^[62] the story was taken up by the Daily Mirror as an alleged example of Lady Avon's high-handedness. Coming shortly after attacks in the press on Eden's leadership, the timing was unfortunate.

In April 1956 Lady Avon hosted a dinner at Chequers for the visiting Soviet leaders Nikita Khrushchev and Nikolai Bulganin. Khrushchev noted that Lady Avon's (sober) behaviour contradicted briefing from the Soviet Embassy in London that she shared some of Winston Churchill's "traits in the matter of drinking". Over dinner (when, according to his hostess, he ate nothing^[3] despite his reputation for eating and drinking greedily^[63]), he responded rather bluntly to her question about the range of Soviet missiles that "they could easily reach your island and quite a bit farther".^[64] The following morning Khrushchev mistook Lady Avon's room for Bulganin's but, having provoked a cry after almost walking in on her, beat a hasty retreat and did not identify himself. He confided later in Bulganin with whom he "had a good laugh over the incident".^[65]

The Suez Crisis

As the Suez Crisis reached its climax in 1956, the Labour Party opposed Anglo-French attacks on Egypt. On 1 November Lady Avon found herself sitting next to Dora Gaitskell, wife of the Labour leader, in the gallery of the House of Commons, whose sitting was suspended, due to uproar, for the first time since 1924. "Can you stand it?" she asked, to which, according to one version, the seasoned Mrs Gaitskell replied, "the boys must have their fun".^[49] (An alternative version is that Mrs Gaitskell responded, "What I can't stand is the mounted police charging the crowds outside".^[66]) Three days later Lady Avon attended, out of curiosity, an anti-Government "Law not War" demonstration in Trafalgar Square, but thought it politic to withdraw when she was recognised with friendly cheers.^[67]

"The Suez Canal flowing through my drawing room"

In the humiliating aftermath of Suez in 1956, Lady Avon's most famous public remark to a group of Conservative woman that, "in the past few weeks I have really felt as if the Suez Canal was flowing through my drawing room", was widely reported.^[68] Lady Avon has since described this observation as "silly, really idiotic",^[5] though it remains probably the most quoted utterance of the whole crisis. An example of its durability was a journalist's observation some 54 years later, with reference to the Iraq War of 2003, that "if, as Clarissa Eden remarked, the Suez Canal ran through her drawing room, Iraq and the decisions that flowed from it still haunt [the] Labour [Party] and stir up antipathies and discomforts".^[69] In Lady Avon's view, both she and her husband "were quite naive about how the press works. Neither of us should have been, but we were."^[70]

In his memoirs Eden recalled that, on several occasions during the Suez crisis, he found time to sit in his wife's drawing room, whose décor he described as green. There he was able to enjoy two sanguines by André Derain and a bronze of a girl in her bath by Degas that Alexander Korda had given the Edens as a wedding present.^[71]

Power behind the throne?

During this period there were some who thought they detected undue influence by Lady Avon over her husband. For example, Lady Jebb, wife of the British Ambassador in Paris, alluded in her diary to Shakespeare's Lady Macbeth and referred to "Clarissa's war".^[72] (It should be borne in mind, however, that her husband, Sir Gladwyn, a "figure of some grandeur, if not hauteur",^[73] was furious at his exclusion from an Anglo-French summit in Paris two weeks before the Suez invasion.^[74]) In December 1956 Walter Monckton, a member of Eden's Government who opposed the Suez invasion, apparently told a Labour Member of Parliament, Anthony Wedgwood Benn, that Lady Avon was a powerful force in politics, with great influence on her husband, and that "now she knows he [Monckton] opposed Anthony she won't have anything to do with him".^[75] Monckton claimed, among other things, that, during a rail strike in 1955, Eden, by then Prime Minister, had, at his wife's urging, taken a tougher public stance in relation to the railwaymen than that advised by Monckton, as Minister of Labour, and senior civil servants^[76] (although there is evidence that Churchill had also privately advocated to Eden the need for a strong line^[77]).

In private correspondence just after Suez, the Oxford historian Hugh Trevor-Roper derided Lady Avon's remark about the Suez Canal flowing through her drawing room and declared not only that the "vain and foolish" Eden was "wholly managed" by her, but that she herself would listen only to Cecil Beaton, whom he described (with reference to the Svengali of the last Russian Czarina Alexandra) as her "Rasputin".^[78]

Protective influence

Less dramatically, there were suggestions that Eden’s touchiness and over-sensitivity to criticism, characteristics frequently remarked upon by colleagues,^[79] were exacerbated by Lady Avon (described by historian Barry Turner, without explanation, as "equally touchy"^[80]). One of Eden's private secretaries claimed that "she had a habit of stirring up Anthony when he didn't need it".^[81] However, Eden's biographer D. R. Thorpe concluded that such imputations arose from a misreading of the Edens' relationship, noting also that, during Suez, the only two people in whom Eden could confide without inhibition were his wife and the Queen.^[16] Similarly, David Dutton, a biographer generally less sympathetic to Eden than Thorpe, while noting that "some observers believed that Clarissa was excessively protective and tended to exacerbate Eden's natural volatility", nevertheless remarked on her devoted companionship and that "during the dark days of the Suez Crisis, [she] was at his side, supportive throughout".^[82]

Eden himself paid tribute to his wife's adaptation of their domestic arrangements to meet the "unsteady requirements" of this period, noting that his digestion took less kindly to them.^[71] There is some evidence also that, when he was Foreign Secretary, Lady Avon had influenced (or, at any rate endorsed) his patterns of work. A later Foreign Secretary, Douglas Hurd, has observed that, though he worked hard, Eden did not keep office hours and often spent mornings working in bed. For example, on 29 December 1952, Eden wrote: "Raining and cold. Clarissa says that this is the right way to run the F[oreign].O[ffice]. Lie in bed, direct office by telephone and read Delacroix".^[83]

Some of Lady Avon's friends may have been less than open with her about Suez. For example, Isaiah Berlin assured "dearest Clarissa" that Eden had acted with "great moral splendour", describing his stance as "very brave", "very patriotic" and "absolutely just",^[84] while opining to another acquaintance that his policy had been "childish folly".^[85] Lady Avon herself recalled that, though she sought to "bolster up" her husband and scanned the newspapers for anything that she thought he ought to know, she did not feel she "knew enough about what was going on to try and interfere in any way".^[5] Even so, her knowledge of the inner workings of Government was such that she was able to record in her diary the precise stance, at a critical point of the Suez operation, of every member of the Cabinet:

[E]ach was asked in turn what they felt about going on. Selwyn [Lloyd], Alec Home, Harold [Macmillan], Alan [Lennox-Boyd], Anthony Head, Peter [Thorneycroft], [Sir David] Eccles, Duncan [Sandys], James Stuart, Gwilym [Lloyd George], and [Lord] Hailsham were for going on. [Lord] Kilmuir, [Derrick] Heathcoat Amory, [Iain] Macloed, Bobbety [Lord Salisbury], Patrick Buchan-Hepburn were for doing whatever Anthony wanted and Lord Selkirk was unintelligible.^[86]

The aftermath of Suez

Goldeneye

The damage caused by the Suez Crisis to the Prime Minister's already frail health persuaded the Edens to seek a month's rest cure at "Goldeneye", Ian Fleming's home in Jamaica. Lady Avon's concern for her husband's health appears to have been decisive in the choice of destination, although it was regarded by many, including Macmillan and the Government's Chief Whip, Edward Heath, as politically unwise.^[87] Even Anne Fleming, who also warned Lady Avon about some of the primitive aspects of Goldeneye, suggested that Torquay (a seaside resort in the south west of England) and a sun-lamp might have been preferable.^[88] However, Lady Avon has insisted that "Berkshire [i.e. Chequers] or somewhere instead" would not have been suitable: "I thought if we didn't go to Jamaica, he was going to drop down dead, literally".^[89]

Once installed in Jamaica, the Edens were temporary neighbours of Nöel Coward, who presented them - "poor dears" - with a basket of caviare, pâté de foie gras and champagne.^[32] Coward also sent Frank Cooper's marmalade and Huntley and Palmer's biscuits, which, according to Lady Avon, "was not what we had been looking forward to".^[3] The publicity that this sojourn attracted is credited by some with boosting Fleming's literary career, including sales of his early novels about James Bond, the first of which, Casino Royale, he had written at Goldeneye in 1952.

Eden's resignation

The Edens returned to England just before Christmas 1956 - "Everyone looking at us with thoughtful eyes", noted Lady Avon^[90] - and Sir Anthony resigned as Prime Minister on 9 January 1957. When Harold Macmillan was appointed as his successor in preference to R. A. Butler, Lady Avon wrote to Butler (whom two years earlier she had described in her diary as "curiously unnatural"^[91]) that she thought politics "a beastly profession ... and how greatly I admire your dignity and good humour".^[92] (In 1952 she had told Duff Cooper that she thought modern politics something of a "farce".^[28])

Macmillan's biographer Alistair Horne noted that, of the various animosities that arose before and during Macmilan's premiership, it was the "loyal wives", among whom he counted Lady Avon and Lady Butler, who "tended most to keep [them] alive".^[93] Although there is evidence of a long-standing and lasting rift between Eden and Macmillan,^[94] Eden himself maintained "a friendly (if not conspicuously warm) relationship" with his successor,^[93] often being used as a "sounding board" by Macmillan who occasionally lunched with the Edens at their home.^[95] Lady Avon, on the other hand, was said to have been consistently vitriolic about Macmillan^[93] and recalled to one of Eden's biographers that Churchill had found Macmillan too "viewy".^[96] As late as 2007 she criticised Macmillan's behaviour as Chancellor of the Exchequer during the Suez crisis, suggesting that he had been "too hasty" in using an American threat to withhold a loan from the International Monetary Fund as "an excuse to back down" from military action and had wept "crocodile tears" at Eden's resignation. At the same time she concurred with the proposition that the Americans had behaved shabbily over Suez, but felt that U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower "later regretted his stance."^[97]

Shortly after Eden's resignation, he and Lady Avon sailed to New Zealand for a further break. Their cabin steward, on what she described as "the hellship Rangitata",^[34] was the future Deputy Prime Minister John Prescott.^[98] Half a century later Prescott recalled that, while kneeling down to clean the ship's brass, he had occasion to admire a pair of legs that turned out to be Lady Eden's - "You naturally look, don't you" - whereupon Sir Anthony tapped him on the head.^[99] When they arrived in New Zealand, which was among the few countries publicly to have supported the Suez operation, the Edens received a rapturous "red carpet" reception.^[3]

Eden's retirement and death

Eden had been told by doctors that his life might be in danger if he remained in office. In the event he was to live for another twenty years. The Edens' home was at Alvediston, Wiltshire, where he died on 14 January 1977 and is buried. The last entry in Eden's diary, dated 11 September 1976, had read; "exquisite small vase of crimson glory buds & mignonette from beloved C[larissa]".^[100]

When Eden was taken mortally ill with liver cancer, he and Lady Avon had just spent their final Christmas together at Hobe Sound, Florida as guests of former New York Governor Averell Harriman, elder statesman of the Democratic Party, and his English-born wife Pamela. (Mrs Harriman was Lady Avon's exact contemporary, a débutante of 1938^[101] who had also taken a room at the Dorchester during the Second World War.^[3] She had previously been married to Lady Avon's cousin Randolph Churchill^[102] and in the 1990s was President Bill Clinton's Ambassador to Paris, where she died in 1997.) The Edens were flown back to Britain in a Royal Air Force VC-10 that was diverted to Miami after Prime Minister James Callaghan had been alerted to the situation by Pamela Harriman's son, Winston.^[103]

Widowhood

After her husband's death, Lady Avon received many tributes to her devoted care in the later stages of his life. She moved to an apartment in London in the 1980s. She invited firstly Robert Rhodes James and later D. R. Thorpe to write official biographies of her husband. Published in 1986 and 2003 respectively, both offered a broadly sympathic view of Eden’s career and were generally well received by critics. Between them they did much to help restore Eden’s reputation, which had taken such a battering during the final months of his premiership. In 2003 a research study by a Harvard clinician of Eden's medical condition and surgery during the 1950s was published in the USA with an acknowledgement of Lady Avon's interest and cooperation.^[104]

Over the years Lady Avon attended various state occasions, as well as gatherings of former Prime Ministers and their families. For example, in 1972 (while her husband was still alive) she described to Cecil Beaton the Duchess of Windsor's "very strange" and nervous demeanour - "Is this my seat?" "Is this my prayer book?" "What do I do now?" - at the funeral of her husband, the former King Edward VIII,^[105] while thirty years later Tony Blair's press secretary Alastair Campbell noted that, at a dinner at 10 Downing Street to mark Queen Elizabeth II's Golden Jubilee in 2002:

Prince Philip was deep in conversation with T[ony] B[lair], the Countess of Avon, Macmillan's and Douglas-Home's families, and there was lots of reminiscing about life in Number 10.^[106]

In 1994, 17 years after her husband's death, Lady Avon unveiled a bust of Eden at the Foreign Office.

As part of The Queen's Golden Jubilee celebrations in 2002, Lady Avon attended a dinner at Buckingham Palace alongside several other relatives of deceased former prime ministers, as well as the then prime minister Tony Blair and the four surviving former prime ministers.^[107]

Lady Avon's longevity

Lady Avon was the youngest wife of an incumbent Prime Minister in the twentieth century. She was only 36 when her husband resigned and widowed at 56. By contrast, Lady Dorothy Macmillan was 57 when her husband succeeded Eden and 63 when he resigned.^[108] As such Lady Avon has enjoyed unusual longevity for a Prime Ministerial spouse, contributing, for example, to a television documentary by Cherie Blair in 2005 about Prime Ministers’ wives^[109] and to a three-part series the following year marking the fiftieth anniversary of Suez. In the latter, she recalled, among other things, Eden's disillusion with the lack of American support for British policy in 1956.^[110] The critic A A Gill was among those who praised Lady Avon's erudite performance in the Blair documentary ("bright as a button"), while sensing that she appeared not entirely to approve of Mrs Blair.^[111]

Lady Avon was 87 when her memoir appeared in 2007. A journalist who interviewed her and her editor, Cate Haste, observed that Lady Avon "seems slight and wan, as if painted in watercolour rather than oil", but described her as "vigorous and knowing" in conversation.^[112] In April 2008 she and Haste appeared at the Sunday Times Oxford Literary Festival,^[113] the literature for this event observing that, although Lady Avon was perhaps best known for her lament about the Suez Canal flowing through her drawing room, "she was far more than a drawing-room consort".

Longevity relative to other Prime Ministerial spouses

Lady Avon has outlived four of the nine Prime Ministerial spouses (Lady Dorothy Macmillan, Lady Home, Lady Callaghan and Sir Denis Thatcher) who succeeded her^[114] and she is four years younger than Lady Wilson of Rievaulx, who is still living and is now the longest lived Prime Ministerial spouse, having turned 95 in 2011. The husbands of Dame Norma Major, Cherie Blair and Sarah Brown became Prime Minister 35, 42 and 52 years respectively after Eden had done so; in 2010, Samantha Cameron's husband David Cameron succeeded Brown seven weeks before Lady Avon's ninetieth birthday, 55 years after Eden had assumed office and 53 years and 4 months after his resignation. Norma Major (whose husband became Prime Minister in 1990) was the first of Lady Avon's successors to have been born after her. Until William Hague married 29-year old Ffion Jenkins in 1997, Lady Avon had been the youngest spouse of a leader of the modern Conservative Party. Like Lady Avon, Samantha Cameron was 34 when her husband became leader of the party in 2005.^[115]

Popular culture

In 2010, in connection with BBC television’s game show, Pointless, a sample of a hundred members of the public registered low recognition of Lady Avon as a Prime Ministerial spouse since 1945, though her profile was higher than that of Lady Dorothy Macmillan, Elizabeth Home and Audrey Callaghan, all of whom scored no points at all.^[116]

In the first episode of the BBC's drama series The Hour (2011), set in 1956, a television producer Bel Rowley (Romola Garai) was complimented by one of Eden's press officers for a feature about "Lady Eden at home".^[117]

External links

• Clarissa Eden - a memoir: photographic images

Honorary titles
Preceded by Clementine, Lady Churchill (later Baroness Spencer-Churchill)	Spouse of Prime Minister of the United Kingdom 1955-1957	Succeeded by Lady Dorothy Macmillan

Notes

1. ^ See genealogical table of the Churchills in David Canandine (1994) Aspects of Aristocracy
2. ^ David Cannadine (1994) Aspects of Aristocracy. Percy died in mysterious circumstances in 1909. In the 1920s the mere fact that Jack Churchill was a stockbroker caused some awkwardness when Winston was Chancellor of the Exchequer.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t} Clarissa Eden (ed. Cate Haste, 2007) A Memoir: From Churchill to Eden
4. ^ Cherie Booth & Cate Haste (2004) The Goldfish Bowl: Married to the Prime Minister 1995-1957
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Cherie Booth & Cate Haste (2004) The Goldfish Bowl
6. ^ ^{a b} See D. R. Thorpe (2003) Eden
7. ^ ^{a b} Country Life, 8 September 2010
8. ^ Lewis Broad (1955) Sir Anthony Eden: The Chronicles of a Career
9. ^ ^{a b} Deborah Devonshire (2010) Wait For Me!
10. ^ Anne de Courcy (1989) 1939: The Last Season
11. ^ Clarissa Eden (ed Cate Haste, 2007) A Memoir: From Churchill to Eden. Lady Avon later reflected that it turned out Mcaclean "wasn't a proper Liberal boy either" (ibid).
12. ^ Daphne Bennett (1984) Margot: A Life of the Countess of Oxford and Asquith. Due to the war, mother and daughter never met again and died within four months of each other in 1945.
13. ^ See, for example, Gully Wells (Ayer's stepdaughter) in Sunday Times News Review, 5 June 2011
14. ^ John Carey in Sunday Times Culture, 30 October 2011 (reviewing Matthew Sweet (2011) West End Front)
15. ^ Quoted anonymously by Cecil Beaton in letter to Greta Garbo, 28 February 1948: see Hugo Vickers (1994) Loving Garbo
16. ^ ^{a b c} D. R. Thorpe (2003) Eden
17. ^ Ed Smith, The Times, 15 December 2007
18. ^ Wyatt, diary, 14 August 1986: Journals of Woodrow Wyatt, ed Sarah Curtis (1998)
19. ^ See, for example, Jeremey Lewis in The Oldie, March 2008: "highly entertaining" and "crammed with good things"; more generally, The Oldie Review of Books, Spring 2008.
20. ^ Private Eye, 7 March 2008
21. ^ Review in the London Evening Standard, quoted in The Oldie Review of Books, Spring 2008.
22. ^ Wyatt, diary, 15 January 1986
23. ^ thePeerage.com - Person Page 13161
24. ^ John Colville, diary, 4 August 1941: The Fringes of Power, Volume I (1985)
25. ^ See Duff Cooper (1954) Old Men Forget
26. ^ Wyatt, diary, 7 April 1986. This appears to derive from Cooper's own observation to Lady Avon that she was the only woman he had loved from whom he had sought no more: see Clarissa Eden (2007) A Memoir: From Churchill to Eden.
27. ^ Duff Cooper, diary, 24 November 1947: The Duff Cooper Diaries 1915-1951, ed John Julius Norwich (2005). John Charmley (1986) Duff Cooper quoted this reference to Eden, but protected Lady Avon's identity, noting that "the name is given in Duff's diary".
28. ^ ^{a b c} John Charmley (1986) Duff Cooper
29. ^ Letter from Deborah, Duchess of Devonshire to Nancy Mitford, 27 May 1959
30. ^ See Hugh Vickers (1994) Loving Garbo
31. ^ Laura Thompson (2003) Life in a Cold Climate. Heywood Hill, which bore the name of its owner, opened in 1936. Nancy Mitford originally worked as an assistant there, but took over the running of it when Hill was called up for war service.
32. ^ ^{a b} John Pearson (1966) The Life of Ian Fleming
33. ^ Wyatt, diary, 16 March 1987; Cherie Booth & Cate Haste (2004) The Goldfish Bowl. Goodman was a major figure in the British artistic establishment. Kenneth Tynan described him in 1972 as "the antibody of our time ... [N]ever [holding] elective office, he has wielded more power than anyone in the country, except the Prime Minister during the past decade": Diary, 21 April 1972 (The Diaries of Kenneth Tynan (ed. John Lahr), 2001).
34. ^ ^{a b c d e} Robert Rhodes James (1986) Anthony Eden
35. ^ Martin Gilbert (1983) Finest Hour: Winston S. Churchill 1939-1941
36. ^ Clarissa Eden (2007) A Memoir, which gives the date of the lunch as 31 May 1940. According to Gilbert (op.cit), Churchill was in France on 31 May: see also Julian Thompson (2008) Dunkirk: Retreat to Victory, who describes 31 May, when Churchill attended the Supreme War Council in Paris, as "the day on which there was so much top-level discussion and dissent among the French and British".
37. ^ Lord Butler (1971) The Art of the Possible
38. ^ Robert Rhodes James (1986) Anthony Eden; Cherie Booth & Cate Haste (2004) The Goldfish Bowl. Rhodes James dated this episode to 1947, but Booth & Haste's similar account referred to a dinner party in 1946 hosted by Emerald Cunard
39. ^ Harold Macmillan, diary, 13–15 August 1952: The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years 1950-1957, ed. Peter Catterall (2003)
40. ^ Ben Schott, The Times, 27 June 2007. No British Prime Minister has been married more than twice.
41. ^ Quoted in Lewis Broad (1955) Sir Anthony Eden
42. ^ ibid.
43. ^ D. R. Thorpe (2003) Eden; Cherie Booth & Cate Haste (2004) The Goldfish Bowl
44. ^ A. N. Wilson (2006) Betjeman. Lady Avon's brother John had once been engaged to Betjeman's wife, then Penelope Chetwode, daughter of Field Marshal Sir Philip Chetwode: see Clarissa Eden (2007) A Memoir. According to Wilson, Penelope's love for John Churchill had "waned".
45. ^ John Colville, diary, 11 August 1952: Colville (1985) The Fringes of Power, Volume II
46. ^ Statement, 31 October 1955
47. ^ The Queen (part 1), Channel 4, 29 November 2009. Princess Margaret was then third in line of succession after The Duke of Cornwall and The Princess Anne and so, in itself, renouncing her right of succession would have been largely a technicality.
48. ^ Peter Townsend (1978) Time and Chance
49. ^ ^{a b} Hugh Thomas, The Suez Affair (Pelican, 1970)
50. ^ See generally John W. Braasch, Anthony Eden’s (Lord Avon) Biliary Tract Saga: Ann Surg. 2003 November; 238(5): 772–775; http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1356158
51. ^ Quoted in Barry Turner (2006) Suez 1956. The extract in Turner refers to "Harold Evans", but this must be a mistake for Horace Evans, the royal physician.
52. ^ Sir Evelyn Shuckburgh, quoted in Barry Turner (2006) Suez 1956
53. ^ ^{a b} Cecil Beaton, diary quoted in Hugo Vickers (1994) Loving Garbo
54. ^ See, for example, David Cannadine, New York Review of Books, vol. xxxiv, 22 October 1987
55. ^ Alan Clark (1998) The Tories: Conservatives and the Nation State 1922-1997
56. ^ In terms of actual numbers, the largest popular vote for a party was in 1992 when over 14 million people voted Conservative (leaving John Major with an overall majority of only 21 seats): Peter Snowdon (2010) Back from the Brink
57. ^ John Colville (1985) The Fringes of Power, Volume II
58. ^ For example, Donald McLachlan, Daily Telegraph, 3 January 1956
59. ^ John Campbell (1983) F.E.Smith, First Earl of Birkenhead
60. ^ Harold Macmillan, diary 26 July 1956; D .R. Thorpe (2003) Eden. It is worth noting that, in 1962, Nancy Mitford, who had once been very close to Lady Pamela, wrote to Evelyn Waugh that "she is spoilt ... her faults are getting worse and she doesn't mellow" (Laura Thomspon (2003) Life in a Cold Climate). In the same year, Waugh observed that "Pam joins Randolph [Churchill] among the legion of the damned" after she had apparently betrayed a confidence in the columns of the Telegraph (ibid). Lady Pamela died in 1982, but there have been suggestions that, in 1988, a Telegraph obituary of Beryl Maudling, widow of Reginald Maudling, Eden's Minister of Supply and Chancellor of the Exchequer under Macmillan, was "unnecessarily spiteful" because, as Maudling's biographer put it, of "some personal matter connected with the Maudlings' relationship with the Berry family": Lewis Baston (2004) Reggie, footnote 5 to chapter 27.
61. ^ Aliastair Horne (1989) Macmillan: Volume II 1957-1986. Even so, Lady Dorothy, who, like Lady Avon, did not like Chequers much, complained to her daughter-in-law that "they would never let me plant anything ... they want me to plant pansies" ("and she didn't like pansies": Viscountess Macmillan of Ovenden, quoted in Booth & Haste, op.cit.)
62. ^ Anne Fleming, diary 13 January 1956: The Letters of Anne Fleming, ed Mark Amory (1985)
63. ^ Macmillan's view, quoted in D. R. Thorpe (2010) Supermac. Macmillan regarded such greed as an indication of Khruschev's inner character, rather as Anthony Eden had taken a similar view of Benito Mussolini's objectionable table manners in the 1930s (Thorpe, ibid.)
64. ^ Khrushchev Remembers (into. Edward Crankshaw, 1971). Khrushchev noted that Lady Avon "bit her tongue" at this answer, which he admitted was "a bit rude".
65. ^ Khrushchev Remembers (1971)
66. ^ Cherie Booth & Cate Haste (2004) The Goldfish Bowl. Lady Avon's own memoir of 2007 appears to confirm this version.
67. ^ Cherie Booth & Cate Haste (2004) The Goldfish Bowl; Dominic Sandbrook (2005) Never Had It So Good
68. ^ Speech at Gateshead, 20 November 1956; Oxford Dictionary of Modern Quotations (1991), 71:19
69. ^ Anne McElvoy in London Evening Standard, 29 September 2010
70. ^ Daily Telegraph, 21 October 2007
71. ^ ^{a b} The Memoirs of Sir Anthony Eden: Full Circle (1960)
72. ^ The Diaries of Cynthia Gladwyn, ed Miles Jebb (1995)
73. ^ D. R. Thorpe (2010) Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan, page 472, note 35
74. ^ See Turner (2006) Suez 1956; Thorpe (2010) Supermac. Thorpe referred to Jebb's further sidelining at the disastrous Paris summit of 1960 during which Macmillan, having rejected official advice, visited Khrushchev at the Soviet Embassy with only two of his private secretaries in attendance.
75. ^ Tony Benn, diary, 15 December 1956: Benn (1994) Years of Hope: Diaries, Papers and Letters 1949-1962
76. ^ Benn, op. cit.; David Kynatston (2009) Family Britain 1951-57
77. ^ Andrew Roberts (1994) Eminent Churchillians
78. ^ Hugh Trevor-Roper, Letters from Oxford: Hugh Trevor-Roper to Bernard Berenson (ed Richard Daveport-Hines, 2005)
79. ^ For example, Anthony Nutting (1967) No End of a Lesson; Lord Butler (1971) The Art of the Possible; Lord Boyle in Alan Thompson (1971) The Day Before Yesterday; W. F. Deedes (2004) Brief Lives
80. ^ Barry Turner (2006) Suez 1956
81. ^ Sir Philip de Zulueta, quoted in Alistair Horne (1988) Macmillan, Volume I: 1894-1956
82. ^ David Dutton (1997) Anthony Eden: A Life and Reputation. Whatever effect Lady Avon had on Eden's temperament, it has been far from uncommon for Prime Ministerial behaviour to be influenced by protective spouses. Despite strong evidence of Sarah Brown's calming influence on her husband, Gordon Brown, who was Prime Minister from 2007-10, it has been suggested that "her intense love and protection ... made her deeply angry when he was under attack, and this could heighten his paranoia about those who were seeking to do him down": Anthony Seldon & Guy Lodge (2010) Brown at 10.
83. ^ Douglas Hurd (2010) Choose Your Weapons: The British Foreign Secretary. Such working methods were by no means unique: Churchill frequently worked in bed and often slept in the afternoon. It should be noted also that Monday, 29 December 1952 was the first working day after Christmas and that Eden's (and his wife's) remarks may, to an extent, have been tongue-in-cheek.
84. ^ Isaiah Berlin (ed Henry Hardy & Jennifer Holmes, 2009) Enlightening: Letters 1946-1960; David Kynaston (2009) Family Britain 1951-1957
85. ^ Isaiah Berlin (ed Hardy & Holmes, 2009) Enlightening: Letters 1946-1960: see Sunday Times Culture, 7 June 2009
86. ^ Referring to a meeting of the Cabinet on 4 November 1956: see Thorpe, Eden; Peter Hennessy (2006) Having It So Good: Britain in the Fifties
87. ^ Edward Heath (1998) The Course of My Life
88. ^ The Letters of Anne Fleming, ed Mark Amory (1985)
89. ^ Cherie Booth & Cate Haste (2004) The Goldfish Bowl. As regards Chequers, Eden's own wariness about its effect on his health was long-standing. In November 1942, at a delicate point in the Second World War, he confided to his diary: "I don't know why it is that Chequers never suits me. Cold still heavy ... and Rossdale's [his doctor's] cocaine makes me feel giddy" (quoted in Andrew Roberts (2008) Masters and Commanders). The Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev, whom the Edens entertained at Chequers in 1956, noted "an unpleasant odour and a sticky film all over everything inside the house" due to the burning of anthracite in iron stoves: Khruschev Remembers (1971).
90. ^ Diary, 14 December 1956, quoted in D. R. Thorpe (2010) Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan
91. ^ Diary, 26 January 1955: Clarissa Eden (2007) A Memoir: From Churchill to Eden
92. ^ Butler (1971) The Art of the Possible. Writing to Eden on 10 January 1956 to say "goodbye with all my affection to you and to Clarissa", the future Prime Minister Lord Home observed that "politics is in some ways a nasty profession ..." (quoted in D. R. Thorpe (1996) Alec Douglas-Home).
93. ^ ^{a b c} Alistair Horne (1989) Macmillan: Volume II 1957-1986
94. ^ See, for example, D. R. Thorpe (2010) Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan, citing Martin Gilbert's research for his biographical study of Churchill
95. ^ D. R. Thorpe (2010) Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan
96. ^ D. R. Thorpe (2010) Supermac. Thorpe produced biographies of both Eden and Macmillan.
97. ^ Daily Telegraph, 21 October 2007. Vice-President Richard Nixon was evidently the source of Eisenhower's regrets: see editorial note in Clarissa Eden (2007) A Memoir: From Churchill to Eden
98. ^ Dominic Sandbrook (2005) Never Had It So Good
99. ^ Atticus, Sunday Times, 21 January 2007
100. ^ Quoted in Robert Rhodes James (1986) Anthony Eden
101. ^ Deborah Devonshire (2010) Wait For Me! The Dowager Duchess of Devonshire, also a débutante in 1938, recalled Pamela Digby (as she then was) as "rather fat, fast and the butt of many tears" (ibid.)
102. ^ Max Hastings (2009) Finest Years: Churchill as Warlord 1940-45
103. ^ Robert Rhodes James (1986) Eden; D. R. Thorpe (2003) Eden
104. ^ John W. Braasch, Anthony Eden’s (Lord Avon) Biliary Tract Saga: Ann Surg. 2003 November; 238(5): 772–775; http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1356158
105. ^ Beaton diary, 5 June 1972, quoted in Philip Ziegler (1990) King Edward VIII. Anthony Eden had been Foreign Secretary throughout Edward VIII's short reign. Lady Avon also commented to Beaton on Elizabeth II's "motherly and nannie like tenderness" towards the Duchess at the funeral.
106. ^ Alastair Campbell (2007) The Blair Years, diary entry, 29 April 2002.
107. ^ [1]
108. ^ Booth & Haste, op.cit.
109. ^ Married to the Prime Minister (Channel 4), 6 December 2005, based on Cherie Booth & Cate Haste (2004) The Goldfish Bowl
110. ^ Suez: A Very British Crisis (BBC TV), 31 October 2006
111. ^ Review in Sunday Times Culture, 11 December 2005
112. ^ Nigel Farndale, Daily Telegraph, 21 October 2007. Farndale wondered whether Lady Avon's appearance was "a trick of the light", noting that it was an overcast morning and there was no electric lighting.
113. ^ Sunday Times Culture, 16 March 2008
114. ^ A tenth Prime Minister, Edward Heath, was unmarried.
115. ^ Mrs Cameron was two months younger than Lady Avon when her husband was elected to the leadership. At 43 in 2010, David Cameron was himself the youngest Prime Minister for 198 years: David Laws (2010) 22 Days in May.
116. ^ Pointless (BBC 2), broadcast on 13 December 2010
117. ^ Episode broadcast on 19 July 2011. In the same scene Ms Rowley enquired after the health of "Prime Minister Eden", an improbable mode of expression in Britain.

Persondata
Name	Avon, Clarissa Eden, Countess Of
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	28 June 1920
Place of birth	Cromwell Road, Kensington
Date of death
Place of death