Morra (game)

Morra players in Italy

Morra is a hand game that dates back thousands of years to ancient Roman and Greek times. It can be played to decide issues, much as two people might toss a coin, or for entertainment.

Rules

While there are many variations of morra, most forms can be played with two, three, or more players. In the most popular version, all players throw out a single hand, each showing zero to five fingers, and call out loud their guess at what the sum of all fingers shown will be. If one player guesses the sum, that player earns one point. The first player to reach three points wins the game.

Some variants of morra involve money, with the winner earning a number of currency units equal to the sum of fingers displayed.

History

Morra was known to the ancient Romans and is popular around the world, especially in Italy. In the Bible, it may have been referred to as "casting lots". In ancient Rome, it was called micatio, and playing it was referred to as micare digitis; literally, "to flash with the fingers". As time passed, the name became morra, a corruption of the verb micare. The game was so common in ancient Rome that there was a proverb used to denote an honest person which made reference to it: dignus est quicum in tenebris mices, literally, "he is a worthy man with whom you could play micatio in the dark". Micatio became so common that it came to be used to settle disputes over the sale of merchandise in the Roman forum. This practice was eventually banned by Apronius, prefect of the city. Roman colonies were located in Europe, Asia and Africa. Today morra can be found throughout Italy (notably in Sardinia, where it is called sa murra), Greece, the Teruel Province of Spain, Corsica, France, Portugal, Cyprus, Istria (Croatian, Italian and Slovenian parts)^[1], Dalmatia in Croatia and Malta. There is also a variant in Spain called "Chinos" where coins are used instead of fingers. Morra played in Arab lands is called mukharaja. In southern France it is called la mourre, while in China and Mongolia it is hua quan, which translates as "fist quarrel",^[2] and is played as a drinking game.^[3] It is also popular in South and North American communities with large Italian populations, sometimes known as "Little Italy" in their area. In the city of Hazleton Pennsylvania, an annual tournament is held in February. Money raised during the tournament is given to a local charity associated with Helping Hands. A smaller tournament was held May 24, 2008 at Hazleton's first annual Italian Heritage Festival sponsored by UNICO. Some say that Vincenzo Colismo is the best the world has ever seen.

The game of morra is described on the images in these Theban tombs: MK, Beni Hassan tomb 9, 26th dynasty tomb of Aba, no. 36.^[4]

Variants

The rules for morra can be altered in several ways.

Odds and evens

Main article: Odds and evens

In another version one person is designated the "odds" player while the other is labeled "evens". Players hold one hand out in front of them and count together to three (sometimes chanting "Once, twice, thrice, shoot!" or "One, two, three, shoot!"). On three (or "shoot"), both players hold out either one or two fingers. If the sum of fingers shown by both players is an even number (i.e. two or four) then the "evens" player wins; otherwise the "odds" player is the winner. Since there are two possible ways to add up to three, both players have an equal chance of winning.

In New York City and Long Island in the 1950s, the game was called "choosies," and would be invoked to resolve a playground dispute by one antagonist saying, "let's shoot for it." In Boston at about the same time, the term in use was "bucking up." In US Coast Guard wardrooms (officer's mess), players "shake out." It has also been referred to as "odds-on poke."

In this variant, the winner is significantly more random than playing consecutive games of rock, paper, scissors. Since any single player can change the result to any other player, a nonrandom result requires the simultaneous cooperation of all players. While unwitting cooperation based on manipulating human psychology can be achieved with successive games of rock, paper, scissors by skilled players, the difficulty of simultaneously predicting the throws of all other players in a single expanded game of odds and evens is much greater.

More fingers

One variant of the game is to allow players to hold out any number of fingers, with the winner still based on whether the resulting sum is odd or even. For example, if there are two players and they each throw out five fingers, the resulting summation is even, so the "evens" player is the winner.

Micatio

Micatio (also known as micare) is a variation of morra that attempts to lessen the element of chance by including the sight and speed of the player, a calculation of probabilities, and a certain psychological flair. In micatio the two players "each raise the fingers of the right hand, varying each time the number raised and the number kept down, and call aloud the total of the fingers raised by both", until one player wins the round by guessing correctly.^[5] Winning the round earns the player one point. If the numbers thrown do not match the numbers shouted, no point is scored.

Additionally:

1. Hands must be in clear view to players and referees
2. One challenger cannot play after they see what the other has shown
3. The point is won by the player who guesses correctly the sum of all fingers displayed
4. If both players guess correctly, the point is unassigned and the game continues
5. The set is won by the player who is first to score 16 points in the first and the return game, and 21 in the deciding one
6. If both players tie the score when they miss a point to win, they play a 5 point tie-break
7. The match is awarded to the winner of two out of three sets
8. Players cannot challenge referees' decisions
9. It is an individual game, but you can also play with a mate against two others, as they do in the Championships
10. In such a case, two challengers start the game and the one who wins the point has the lead until they lose it

Micatio is also played in competitions with four-person teams. Team members compete one at a time, facing their opponent. Each team member plays four times, and a match consists of eleven points.

Micatio is still popular today in southern Italy,^{[citation needed]} and may have been played in Ancient Rome.^{[citation needed]}

Ones-and-twos

Ones-and-twos is an elimination variant of the game, requiring more than two people. It is essentially a simplified version of rock, paper, scissors with only two choices. The loser is the "odd man out", or the minority choice in the case of large groups. For example: if there are ten players, and six happen to hold out two fingers while four hold out one finger, the four people holding one finger lose and are eliminated. The remaining six players move on to play another round. In this variant, the last round (between two players) is usually decided in the traditional manner.

This version can be played with any number of people, and is usually faster and easier than dealing with three variable combinations, as it eliminates the need for round robin tournaments.

Modular arithmetic

The game can be expanded for a larger number of players by using modular arithmetic. For n players, each player is assigned a number from zero to n−1. On the count of three, each player holds out any number of fingers less than n, including zero. The person whose number is the remainder of the sum is chosen.

In this variant it is common to arrange all players in a circle, assign someone to be player 'zero' and assign numbers to other players counting upwards in a direction (usually clockwise). With this arrangement, once players throw out their numbers, they leave their hands in place and close their fingers one at a time as counting moves around the circle. When no fingers are left, the final player counted is selected.

Allowing zero

Some variants of morra allow players to hold out zero fingers. If the total number of fingers is also equal to zero, the game is usually counted as a draw and replayed.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Chopsticks (hand game)
• Matching pennies
• Rock-paper-scissors
• Spoof (game)

References

• Carcopino, Jerome. Daily Life in Ancient Rome.
• Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars.
• Ifrah, Georges. The Universal History of Numbers.

1. ^ Mora Istriana - Istrian on the Internet
2. ^ Ifrah, Georges. The Universal History of Numbers. p. 51
3. ^ The Finger-Guessing Game; an example of play can be seen in the movie Flowers of Shanghai.
4. ^ Ifrah, Georges. The Universal History of Numbers. p. 52
5. ^ Carcopino, p. 251-252