Band-stop filter

A generic ideal band-stop filter, showing both positive and negative angular frequencies

In signal processing, a band-stop filter or band-rejection filter is a filter that passes most frequencies unaltered, but attenuates those in a specific range to very low levels. It is the opposite of a band-pass filter. A notch filter is a band-stop filter with a narrow stopband (high Q factor).

Narrow notch filters (optical) are used in Raman spectroscopy, live sound reproduction (public address systems, or PA systems) and in instrument amplifiers (especially amplifiers or preamplifiers for acoustic instruments such as acoustic guitar, mandolin, bass instrument amplifier, etc.) to reduce or prevent audio feedback, while having little noticeable effect on the rest of the frequency spectrum (electronic or software filters). Other names include 'band limit filter', 'T-notch filter', 'band-elimination filter', and 'band-reject filter'.

Typically, the width of the stopband is less than 1 to 2 decades (that is, the highest frequency attenuated is less than 10 to 100 times the lowest frequency attenuated). In the audio band, a notch filter uses high and low frequencies that may be only semitones apart.

Audio example 1: Anti-hum filter for countries using 60 Hz power lines

• Low Freq: 59 Hz
• High Freq: 61 Hz

This means that the filter passes all frequencies, except for the range of 59–61 Hz. This would be used to filter out the mains hum from the 60 Hz power line, though its higher harmonics could still be present. The common European version of the filter would have a 49–51 Hz range.

Audio example 2: Anti-presence filter

• Low Freq: 1 kHz
• High Freq: 4 kHz

RF example 1: Non-linearities of power amplifiers For instance, when measuring non-linearities of power amplifiers a very narrow notch filter could be very useful to avoid the carrier so maximum input power of e.g. a spectrum analyser used to detect spurious content will not be exceeded.

RF example 2: Wave trap A notch filter, usually a simple LC circuit, used to remove a specific interfering frequency. This is a technique used with radio receivers that are so close to a transmitter that it swamps all other signals. The wave trap is used to remove, or greatly reduce, the signal from the local transmitter.^[1]

Optical notch filters sometimes rely on destructive interference.

See also

• Band-pass filter
• High-pass filter
• Low-pass filter
• Mains hum
• Parametric equalizer
• Bass instrument amplification (discusses use of notch filter to prevent feedback)

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from the General Services Administration document "Federal Standard 1037C" (in support of MIL-STD-188).

1. ^ Joseph J. Carr, The technician's radio receiver handbook: wireless and telecommunication technology, p.282, Newnes, 2001 ISBN 0750673192.