Licchavi

Licchavi (also "Lichchhavi", "Lichavi") was an ancient republic which existed in what is now Bihar state of India, since the before the birth of Mahavira (b. 599 BC), [ [http://p2.www.britannica.com/eb/article-9048151/Licchavi "Licchavi", "Encyclopedia Britannica Online"] ] [ [http://p2.www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074639/Vaisali "Vaisali", "Encyclopedia Britannica Online"] ] and later a kingdom in Nepal which existed in the Kathmandu Valley from approximately 400 A.D to 750 A.D.

Origins

Early Buddhist legends feature Licchavi as a ruling family during Gautama Buddha's time in India, however links to the Nepalese kingdom are speculative. The language of Licchavi inscriptions is Sanskrit, and the particular script used is closely related to official Gupta scripts, suggesting that India was a significant cultural influence. This was likely through Mithila - the northern part of modern Bihar, India.

Licchavi term is probably rooted to Rikshavi,Rukshavi or more Sanskritized to Rkshvavati. Riksha or Rksha in Sanskrit means Star.

A table of the evolution of certain Gupta characters used in Licchavi inscriptions prepared by Gautamavajra Vajrācārya can be found online. [ [http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/kailash/1_2_1.html Gautamavajra Vajrācārya, "Recently Discovered Inscriptions of Licchavi Nepal", "Kathmandu Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies." Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (pp. 117-134)] ]

Records

The Lichhavi,having lost their political fortune in India,came to Nepal,attacking and defeating the last Kirat King'Gasti.Lichhavi's were the Rajputs of India,from today's Bihar and Uttar Pradesh.In the Buddhist Pali canon, the Licchavi are mentioned in a number of discourses, most notably the Licchavi Sutta, [ [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn55/sn55.030.than.html "Licchavi Sutta," translated from the Pali by Thanissaro Bhikkhu (2004).] ] the popular Ratana Sutta [ [http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/kn/snp/snp.2.01.piya.html "Ratana Sutta: The Jewel Discourse," translated from the Pali by Piyadassi Thera (1999).] ] and the fourth chapter of the Petavatthu. [ [http://www.metta.lk/tipitaka/2Sutta-Pitaka/5Khuddaka-Nikaya/07Petavatthu/4-Mahavagga-p.html Petavatthu, Fourth Chapter, in Pali.] ]

The earliest known physical record of the kingdom is an inscription of Manadeva 1, which dates from 464. It mentions three preceding rulers, suggesting that the Licchavi dynasty began in the late fourth century.

Government

The Licchavi were ruled by a "Maharaja" ("great king"), who was aided by a prime minister, in charge of the military and of other ministers.

Nobles, known as "samanta" influenced the court whilst simultaneously managing their own landholdings and militia.

At one point, between approximately 605 and 641, a prime minister called Amsuvarman actually assumed the throne.

The population provided land taxes and conscript labour ("vishti") to support the government. Most local administration was performed by village heads or leading families.

Economy

The economy was agricultural, relying on rice and other grains as staples. Villages ("grama") were grouped into "dranga" for administration. Lands were owned by the royal family, nobles, temples or groups of Brahmans. Trade was also very important, with many settlements positioned along trading routes. Tibet and India were both trading partners.

Geography

Domain

Settlements already filled the entire valley during the Licchavi period. Further settlement was made east toward Banepa, west toward Tisting, and northwest toward present-day Gorkha.

Sites

Bodhnath

A stupa was located at Bodhnath.

Bhadgaon

Bhadgaon was a small village called "Khoprn" (Sanskrit "Khoprngrama") along the main trade route. This is the precursor to Bhaktapur.

Chabahil

A stupa was located at Chabahil.

Deopatan

A shrine of Shiva was located at Deopatan.

Hadigaon

A shrine of Vishnu was located at Hadigaon.

Kathmandu

Modern day Kathmandu consisted of the two villages of Koligrama ("Village of the Kolis"; Nepal Bhasa "Yambu"), and Dakshinakoligrama ("South Koli Village", Nepal Bhasa "Yangala") straddling the main Kathmandu Valley trade route.

Patan

Patan was called "Yala" ("Village of the Sacrificial Post"; Sanskrit "Yupagrama"). It is probably the oldest center of Nepal, though building remains are scarce.

wayambhunath

A stupa was located at Swayambhunath.

Rulers

The following list was adapted from The Licchavi Kings, by Tamot & Alsop, [ [http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/kings.html Tamot, Kashinath and Alsop, Ian. "A Kushan-period Sculpture, The Licchavi Kings", Asianart.com] ] and is approximate only, especially with respect to dates. "No complete, reliable chronology of Licchavi rulers yet exists."

*185 Jayavarmā (also "Jayadeva I")
*Vasurāja (also "Vasudatta Varmā")
*c.400 Vrsadeva (also "Vishvadeva")
*c.425 unicode|Shaṅkaradeva I
*c.450 Dharmadeva
*464-505 Mānadeva I
*505-506Mahīdeva (few sources)
*506-532 Vasantadeva
*Manudeva (probable chronology)
*538 Vāmanadeva (also "Vardhamānadeva")
*545 Rāmadeva
*Amaradeva
*Gunakāmadeva
*560-565 Ganadeva
*567-c.590 Bhaumagupta (also "Bhūmigupta", probably not a king)
*567-573 unicode|Gaṅgādeva
*575/576 Mānadeva II (few sources)
*590-604 Shivadeva I
*605-621 Amshuvarmā
*621 Udayadeva
*624-625 Dhruvadeva
*631-633 Bhīmārjunadeva, Jisnugupta
*635 Visnugupta - Jisnugupta
*640-641 Bhīmārjunadeva / Visnugupta
*643-679 Narendradeva
*694-705 Shivadeva II
*713-733 Jayadeva II
*748-749 unicode|Shaṅkaradeva II
*756 Mānadeva III
*826 Balirāja
*847 Baladeva
*877 Mānadeva IV

ee also

*History of Nepal
*Nepal
*Mahajanapadas

References

External links

* [http://www.asianart.com/articles/jaya/kings.html Tamot, Kashinath and Alsop, Ian. "A Kushan-period Sculpture, The Licchavi Kings", Asianart.com]
* [http://www.thamel.com/htms/history.htm "History of Nepal," Thamel.com]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+np0015) "Nepal: The Early Kingdom of the Licchavis, 400-750", Library of Congress Countryreports.org (September, 1991)]
* [http://www.thdl.org/texts/reprints/kailash/1_2_1.html Vajrācārya, Gautamavajra, "Recently Discovered Inscriptions of Licchavi, Nepal", "Kailash - Journal of Himalayan Studies," Volume 1, Number 2, 1973. (pp. 117-134)]