History of the Royal New Zealand Navy

The Royal New Zealand Navy's history leads back to early New Zealand-based gunboats used in controlling the British interests in the new colony, as well as to the strong linkages to the British Royal Navy itself. It was formed as a distinct fighting force only in 1913.

Origins

Originally the British Royal Navy provided security for the colony of New Zealand, but in 1846 the settlers bought their first gunboat. Later, the so-named Waikato Flotilla operated from 1860 to 1865, and at the same time a Naval Artillery Volunteer corps was established to provide harbour defence. In 1884 the government purchased four new spar torpedo boats, and starting in 1887 it funded ships of the Australasian Auxiliary Squadron.

Before establishment of the navy, the people of New Zealand paid for the building of the battlecruiser HMS "New Zealand", which was at the Battle of Jutland and which served the Royal Navy with distinction.

The Naval Defence Act of 1913 formally established the New Zealand Naval Forces, and the old RN cruiser HMS "Philomel" was the first to be commissioned into it. From 1921 the forces were known as the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy, operating two cruisers and a minesweeper.

World War II

When Britain went to war against Germany in 1939, New Zealand immediately also declared war. In recognition of the fact that the naval force was now largely self-sufficient and independent of the Royal Navy, the New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy became the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN), the prefix "royal" being granted by King George VI (as King in right of NZ) on 1 October 1941. Ships thereafter were prefixed HMNZS (His/Her Majesty's New Zealand Ship).

HMS "Achilles" participated in the first major naval battle of World War II, the Battle of the River Plate off the River Plate estuary between Argentina and Uruguay, in December 1939. "Achilles" and two other cruisers, HMS "Ajax" and HMS "Exeter", were in an operation that forced the crew of the German pocket battleship "Admiral Graf Spee" to scuttle her rather than face the loss of many more German seamen's lives. This decision apparently infuriated Hitler. The "Achilles" moved to the Pacific, and was working with the US Navy when damaged by a Japanese bomb off New Georgia. Following repair she served alongside the British Pacific Fleet until the war's end.

HMS "Leander" escorted the New Zealand Expeditionary Force to the Middle East in 1940, and was then deployed in the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Indian Ocean, where she was subjected to air and naval attack from Axis forces, conducted bombardments and escorted convoys, and sank the Italian "auxiliary cruiser" "Ramb I". After serving in the Mediterranean she returned to the Pacific in 1943, assisting in the destruction of the Japanese cruiser "Jintsu" and being seriously damaged by torpedoes during the Battle of Kolombangara.

As the war progressed, the size of the RNZN greatly increased, and by the end of WWII there were over 60 ships in commission. These ships participated as part of the British and Commonwealth effort against the Axis in Europe, and against the Japanese in the Pacific. They also played an important role in the defence of New Zealand, from German raiders, and especially when the threat of invasion from Japan appeared imminent in 1942. Many merchant boats were requisitioned and armed for help in defence. One of these was HMNZS "Monowai", which saw action against a Japanese submarine off Fiji in 1942. In 1941-1942, it was decided in an agreement between the New Zealand and United States government that the best role for the RNZN in the Pacific was as part of the United States Navy, so operational control of the RNZN was transferred to the South West Pacific Area command, and its ships joined United States 7th Fleet taskforces.

In 1943, the light cruiser HMS "Gambia" was transferred to the RNZN as HMNZS "Gambia". In November 1944, the British Pacific Fleet, a joint British Commonwealth taskforce, was formed, based in Sydney, Australia. Most RNZN ships were transferred to the BPF, including "Gambia" and "Achilles". They took part in the Battle of Okinawa and operations in the Sakishima Islands, near Japan. In August 1945, "Gambia" was New Zealand's representative at Japan's surrender.

The end of the war saw massive cutbacks.

Source: Walters S.D, "The Royal New Zealand Navy: Official History of World War II", Department of Internal Affairs, Wellington [http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Navy.html Online]

The Korean War

Six Loch Class frigates were deployed.

* HMNZS "Hawea"
* HMNZS "Kaniere"
* HMNZS "Pukaki"
* HMNZS "Rotoiti"
* HMNZS "Taupo"
* HMNZS "Tutira"

RNZN crews in Korea went ashore in several "Nelsonian" night raids against coastal targets and took several prisoners for intelligence gathering.

Political fallout with the USA

Throughout the 1960s to 1984, the Royal New Zealand Navy operated with SEATO, before its dissolution, and ANZUS treaty nations. In 1984 the relationship began to break down over the issue of nuclear-powered ship visits and nuclear weapons access to New Zealand. See ANZUS, s. 2.5 The United States suspends ANZUS obligations to New Zealand. On several occasions, New Zealand dispatched RNZN vessels to monitor environmental damage caused by French nuclear testing in the Pacific.

East Timor

The RNZN supported INTERFET landings with the deployment of frigate HMNZS Te Kaha and the tanker HMNZS Endeavour. HMNZS Te Kaha was later replaced by the Leander Class frigate HMNZS Canterbury (F-421) which escorted the Support Ship HMAS Tobruk to Suai, with elements of the New Zealand Army's 1st Battalion RNZIR. A further 3 Army Battalion groups, with attached naval personnel were deployed to East Timor with INTERFET and as part of the UN peacekeeping force.

ee also

* Early naval vessels of New Zealand
* New Zealand Naval Forces 1913–1921
* New Zealand Division of the Royal Navy 1921–1941
* Coastal Forces of the Royal New Zealand Navy
* Minesweepers of the Royal New Zealand Navy