House of Crnojević

Crnojević Црнојевићи
Country	Serbian Empire (1326-1371)  Republic of Venice Serbian Despotate (1405-1459)  Ottoman Empire (1515-1530)
Estates	(southern Montenegro, northern Albania; north of Lake Skadar - Zeta (Montenegro). main regions: Upper Zeta (1326-1362, 1403-1530) towns: Budva (1392-1396) Podgorica
Titles	Nobleman (Serbian: Ставилац, Властелин), Courtier (Дворски достојанственик, Челник), Knight (Витез), Baron (Italian: Baronez), Duke (Војвода), Lord (Господар), Captain (Kaпetaн), Governor-General (Bey, Бeг)
Founded	before 1326, by Đuraš
Final ruler	Đurađ V (1515)
Dissolution	1530
Ethnicity	Serb

The Crnojević (Serbian: pl. Црнојевићи, Crnojevići) was a medieval Serb noble house that held Zeta, or parts of it; a region corresponding to north of Lake Skadar (southern Montenegro and northern Albania), from 1326 to 1362, then 1403 until 1515. The progenitor, Đuraš Ilijić, was head of Upper Zeta in the Serbian Kingdom and Empire (r. 1326-1362†), under Stephen Uroš III Dečanski, Dušan the Mighty and Uroš the Weak. Đuraš was killed in 1362 by the Balšić family, the holders of Lower Zeta (since 1360), and Zeta was in the hands of the Balšići under nominal Imperial rule until 1421, when Serbian Despot Stefan Lazarević was given the province by Balša III (1403–1421). It fought its' rivals since the murder of Đuraš, and in 1392, the Crnojevići gain power in Budva, but are stopped in 1396, when Radič Crnojević is murdered by the Balšići. They are mentioned again in 1403, as vassals of the Republic of Venice, taking power in their hereditary lands.

History

Origins

The oldest known ancestor is Head Ilija. The noble house has been referred to as the House of Đurašević from Đuraš Ilijić, the son of Ilija, who was Head of Upper Zeta from 1326 until his death in 1362, when he was killed by the Balša family. Although Đuraš Ilijić was an important figure in the Serbian Kingdom, it was his grandson Đuraš Ilijić who became advisor of the Serbian King Stefan of Dechani in 1326. Five years later, Đuraš supported Prince Dušan Nemanjić in overthrowing the King.

In 1355, the Croatian Banass and sister of Dušan Nemanjić, Jelena Nemanjić Šubić, had come greatly under pressure by the Hungarian King who attacked one of her cities in Croatia, (Skradin). Car Dušan dispatched Đuraš Ilijić to relieve the siège. He left with an army and his two brothers Nikola and Vladin as well as his sons and nephews. Đuraš successfully kept the city up to January 10, 1356, when the new Emperor ordered him to deliver it to the Venetians. Đuraš was liquidated by Balša I's sons as a rival in 1362. He was buried in the Church of Saint Michael on Prevlaka with the inscription in Emperor's Stefan's name a fearsome knight (Serbian: у цара Стефана трети витез).

After this, the House of Đuraš was greatly suppressed by the House of Balšić. They ruled in the areas of Budva and the Gulf of Kotor. At times, they cooperated with the Balša, but most frequently fought them for control.

House of Crnoje

Flag of the Crnojevići.

At the end of the 14th century, the House of Đuraš was transformed into the House of Crnoje by Radič, the successor of Crnoje. Radič emerged, together with his brothers Stefan and Dobrivoje, as the Master of Budva. He maintained close relations with the Republic of Dubrovnik, where he was an honorary citizen. At the same time, the relations with City of Kotor were bad. He frequently jeopordized Kotor and expanded his domain to include Grbalj and Paštrovići. As the Serbian Empire crumbled, the House of Crnoje became virtually independent in Upper Zeta (region around modern Cetinje. Radič was killed in combat in a war against the House of Balšić in 1396.

After the death of Radič, the Crnojevići, under the brothers Dobrivoj and Stefan, suffered a major decline. There were territorial losses to the Đuraševići, led by the brothers Đurađ and Aleksa (also called Lješ), both sons of the late Radič. They were first referred to in sources in 1403. They seemed to have been actively supporting Đurađ II's campaign against the Crnojevići in the late 1390s. They also played a major role in Sandalj Hranić's expulsion from Zeta through a campaign led by Đurađ. As a reward, Đurađ gave them Budva, as well as Saint Michael's Metohija (Grbalj). The Đuraševići used this period of support of the Balšićs to gain much of the Crnojević possessions in the mountains behind Kotor. Đuraš and Aleksa sided with Venetians and as their vassals ruled the area of Upper Zeta in 1403-1435.

The most important role in establishing the family's rule in Zeta had Stefan I called "Stefanica" (1451–1465). He used the turmoil in Zeta and managed to become de facto ruler of the region. He secured a leading position in his family and married Maria, Skenderbeg's sister. After the fall of the southern part of Serbia under the Turks in 1455, Stefan acknowledged Venetian rule in return for autonomy on internal affairs and autonomy for the Orthodox Metropolitan. His son Ivan (1465–1490), better known as Ivan-beg, started his rule with a war on the Venetians, but had to repent later in face of Turkish threat. He was forced to become a Turkish vassal in addition to being a Venetian one already. He was forced by Turks to flee to Italy in 1479 and managed to return only in 1481, again as the Turkish vassal. He moved the seat of Zeta Metropolitan from Prevlaka to the more secure Cetinje in 1485 and soon it became his capital.

Ivan's son Đurađ (1490–1496) remained consistent to his father's policies, although he married a daughter of a Venetian noble. He fostered the printing house of Cetinje monastery in which the first book in Montenegrin was printed in 1494. When his contacts with the King of France on starting an anti-Ottoman war became known to the Turks, he had to flee Montenegro, which fell under direct Turkish rule. He was an educated man known for his knowledge on many topics.

He was succeeded by his brother Stefan II (1496–1498) who led the administration of Montenegro for the Ottoman Empire. Ivan's third son Staniša, now islamized and renamed as Skender-beg, ruled his ancestral lands from 1513 to 1530 and was an obedient servant to the Sultan.

The descendants of Đurađ lived in Hungary and Venice where they died out in the mid-17th century.

Rulers

See also: List of rulers of Zeta

• Đuraš Ilijić (1326–1362†)
• Radič (fl. 1392-1396†)
• Đurađ and Aleksa (1403–1435)
• Gojčin (?-1451)
• Stefan I (1451–1465)
• Ivan I (1465–1490)
• Đurađ IV (1490–1496)
• Stefan II (1496–1498)
• Ivan II (1498–1515)
• Đurađ V (1515–1516)
• sanjak-bey Staniša-Skanderbeg (1515-1530)

Family tree

• Đuraš Vrančić
  • Ilija Đurašević
    • Đuraš Ilijić
      • Crnoje Đurašević
        • Radič Crnojević
          • Đurađ Đurašević Crnojević
            • Đurašin
            • Kojčin (Gojčin, Goycinus)
            • Stefan (Stefanica) Crnojević
              • Đurađ Crnojević
                • Charles Michael Crnojevic
              • Ivan Crnojević
                • Đurađ Crnojević
                  • Solomon
                  • Konstantin
                    • Jovan
                      • Viktor
                        • Jovan
                        • Faustina
                  • Ivan
                    • Đurađ V (?)
                  • Antonija
                  • Unknown Daughter
                  • Unknown Daughter
                • Stefan
                • Staniša (Skender-beg Crnojević, Sandžak-beg of Montenegro)
                • Unknown Daughter
                • Unknown Daughter
            • Unknown Son
          • Aleksa (Lješ, Alexius) Đurašević Crnojević
        • Stefan
        • Dobrovoj
    • Nikola
    • Vladin

See also

• List of rulers of Montenegro

References

Sources

• Vladimir Corovic: Istorija srpskog naroda "Kralj Lajoš se, doista, počeo spremati na Srbe, ali ne mogade tokom 1355. god. preći u napadaj. Možda nije imao ni prave volje da primi borbu s Dušanom, čiju je snagu znao i video. Sem sa Srbijom on je rđavo stajao i sa Mletačkom Republikom, nešto zbog mletačkih veza sa Srbima, a mnogo više zbog njenog učvršćivanja u Dalmaciji. Zbog izvesnih gradova u Dalmaciji, posebno zbog Klisa i Skradina, koji su pripadali Šubićima, odnosno Dušanovoj sestri Jeleni, udovici Mladena III, bilo je dosta pregonjenja i pregovaranja. Te gradove su hteli i Mlečani i Mađari i Bosanci, dok je Dušan želeo da ih očuva sestri kao svojoj saveznici, možda kao strateške tačke prema Bosni, sa njene zapadne strane. Dušanova vojska ušla je 1355. god. u te gradove. Kako car nije hteo nikakva sukoba s Mlečanima, on je, videći njihovu nesavladivu želju da dobiju te gradove, pristao da njegova sestra povede pregovore o prodaji. Videći neraspoloženje skradinskog građanstva protiv svojih ljudi, a čuvši možda i za carevu smrt, njegov vojvoda Đuraš Ilić predade taj grad Mlečanima 10. januara 1356. god., kako mu car beše ranije naredio. Grad Klis preoteli su Mađari."
• Sveta loza Stefana Nemanje, chapter 41
• The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest, John Van Antwerp Fine, 1987
• Encyclopedia Britannica

External links

• House of Crnojević official site (in Serbian)