Silver Line (Washington Metro)

Silver Line (Washington Metro)

     Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project
Overview
Type Rapid transit
System Washington Metro
Status Under construction
Locale Washington Metropolitan Area
Termini Route 772 (west)
Stadium–Armory (east)
Stations 29 (11 new)
Operation
Opened 2013 (first phase, under construction)
2016 (full line, planned)
Operator(s) Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority
Character Underground, surface, and elevated
Technical
Line length 23 mi (37 km)
No. of tracks 2
Track gauge 4 ft 8 12 in (1,435 mm)
Electrification Third rail

The Dulles Corridor Metrorail Project, formally dubbed the Silver Line,[1] is an extension of the Washington Metro rapid transit system, currently under construction with the goal of providing rapid transit service to Dulles International Airport and Tysons Corner. The line consists of 29 stations from Route 772 in Loudoun County, Virginia, to Stadium–Armory in Washington, D.C., United States. The current plan calls for stations in Loudoun, Fairfax, and Arlington counties in Virginia, and the District of Columbia. Eighteen stations will be shared with the Orange Line, including all thirteen shared between the Orange and Blue Lines from Rosslyn to Stadium–Armory.

The line will be 23 miles (37 km) long and is estimated to cost up to $6.8 billion. In 2008, the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority (MWAA) started building the new track in Fairfax and Loudoun counties in Virginia. The sections in Arlington, Virginia, and Washington, D.C., are to be shared with the Orange and Blue Lines, which were completed in the 1970s and 1980s. The line will open in two phases with 11.6 miles (18.7 km) of Phase I service to Reston, Virginia, to open in 2013 and an additional 11.5 miles (18.5 km) of Phase II service to the airport and Loudoun County in 2016.[2][3] The Silver Line is the largest expansion project by route mileage since the inception of the Washington Metro in 1976.[citation needed]

Contents

Description

The Silver Line has two primary goals. The first is to link Washington, D.C. by rail to Washington Dulles International Airport and the edge cities of Tysons Corner, Reston, Herndon, and Ashburn. The second is to spur urban development in Tysons Corner and reduce overall reliance on highway traffic in the business district, Virginia's largest and the 12th-largest in the country. The district's area is comparable in size to downtown Washington, D.C., but is rather insulated from its surrounding neighborhoods and has no existing grid pattern in its streets.

The Silver Line would also improve public access to the Udvar-Hazy Center, an annex of National Air and Space Museum located near Dulles Airport; Virginia Regional Transit currently runs a shuttle bus from the airport to Udvar-Hazy.[4]

The pre-existing portions of the Silver Line opened on July 1, 1977 from Stadium/Armory to Rosslyn, and on December 11, 1979 from Rosslyn to Ballston, and East Falls Church opened on June 7, 1986. Unlike all prior segments of the Metrorail system, which were designed and constructed by the Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA), this line will be designed and constructed by the MWAA and operated by WMATA. The first phase of the project is funded 43% by $900 million of federal funding, 28% by a special tax district on commercial property proximate to the Silver Line route, and 28% by a $0.50 toll increase on the Dulles Toll Road.[5] Funding for the second phase of the project will be shared by Loudoun County, Fairfax County, the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority.[5]

The Silver Line branches off the Orange Line immediately east of the West Falls Church station. The new track runs in the median of the Dulles Access Road until an elevated bridge takes it over Virginia Route 123. Two elevated stops along the west side of Route 123 serve the national headquarters of CapitalOne and two enclosed Tysons Corner shopping malls. The track then enters a tunnel which emerges in the median of Virginia Route 7. Two elevated stations above Route 7 serve the western section of Tysons Corner. The elevated track then swings into the median of the Dulles Access Road until it reaches the airport. Along the way, four or possibly five new stations would be built with platforms in the median of the access road and a faregate and pedestrian bridges to parking areas elevated above the highway. In anticipation of the Herndon – Reston West station being built, in 1999 Fairfax County constructed a 1,750-space parking garage with ramps to the Dulles Access Road toll lanes, and this facility is being used for bus commuters on an interim basis. The garage has drawn criticism because of alleged construction flaws.[6] As currently planned, upon reaching the airport the track will enter a tunnel which will follow the path of the arrivals driveway of the airport terminal to a station located close to the terminal. The track would leave the tunnel near the airport hotel and economy parking lots and would head north parallel to the main runways. A storage yard and maintenance facility would branch off to the west occupying the airport's buffer zone north of the end of its major runways. The final two stops would be in the median of the Dulles Greenway, serving the Ashburn suburb.[7] Hence, the line is expected to draw both airport traffic and commuters from the far western suburbs of Washington, DC. Buses currently provide these users with limited public transportation. In contrast, the Silver Line is expected to provide trains once every six minutes during rush hours and once every fourteen minutes during non-rush hours.[8]

Sixty-four of Metro's new 7000 series cars have been ordered for Silver Line service.[9] The contract was signed on July 2, 2010 for 428 cars.[10] Each car is expected to cost $3 million.[9]

History

Silver line trains would reverse course using the D98 pocket track east of the Stadium Armory stop.

The federal government, which owned and operated Dulles Airport before Congress created the MWAA, built the Dulles Access Road in the 1960s to connect the airport to Washington by way of Interstate 66. As the access road was built, the government opted to reserve the median of the road for some form of rail transit,[11] and the nearby West Falls Church station was designed so that the line could eventually be extended in this direction.[12]

In 1995, the Virginia General Assembly authorized the Commonwealth Transportation Board (CTB) to provide for "additional improvements to the Dulles Toll Road and Dulles Access Road corridor... including, but not limited to, mass transit, including rail, and capacity-enhancing treatments... from surplus net revenues of the Dulles Toll Road".[13]

In 1998, Raytheon Engineers and Constructors proposed to build and operate a Dulles Corridor Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system, while completing final design for the rail extension to the airport.[2] In January 1999, The Tysons-Dulles Corridor Group (led by Bechtel Corporation and West*Group) offered a competing BRT proposal that would ultimately extend the rail line to Route 772.[2] These proposals prompted the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) to evaluate the merits of BRT and heavy rail public transit in the corridor.

Local residents and officials had talked of a Metro extension to Dulles since the Washington Metro began service in 1976,[2] but significant planning did not begin until 2000. The Dulles Corridor Rapid Transit Project "scoping" process began in April 2000 with a series of meetings with local and federal officials, designed to collect the necessary authorities for the project. Local and federal law required extensive Analysis of Alternatives – the two most likely being bus lanes or inaction – and of the environmental impact. The rail-only line won over the other alternatives. Initial environmental hearings, which closed on August 28, 2002, were positive. The project received formal approval on June 10, 2004.[2]

In February 2005, the CTB approved a 50 cent increase in the Dulles Toll Road toll rates, effective May 22, 2005, and "reaffirm[ed] that no less than 85 percent of existing surplus Dulles Toll Road net revenues shall be dedicated for mass transit and rail in the [Dulles] Corrdor" and provided "that all additional toll revenue generated from the May 22, 2005 toll adjustment shall be dedicated to the [Metrorail] Project." Between July 1, 2003, and November 1, 2008, when the toll road was transferred to MWAA, over $138 million in net surplus toll revenue (together with accumulated interest) was provided to MWAA for the Silver Line project.[14]

Tysons Corner tunnel dispute

Early plans called for a tunnel running from before the Tysons East station to beyond the Tysons West station, with all four stations in between being below ground. When the contractor hired to design the Silver Line—a consortium of Bechtel and Washington Group International—found the costs to be too high, the design was changed to use a short tunnel, running only between the Tysons 123 and Tysons 7 stations (underneath higher ground) with all four stations being at or above ground.[15] In March 2006, the contractor was ordered to examine an alternative "large bore" tunnel digging technique (successfully used in Europe) with the potential to lower costs of a tunnel through the entire Tysons section. The contractor found that there would not be a significant cost reduction and proposed staying with the short tunnel option.[16]

After allegations that the design contractor had inflated costs for the tunnel in order to avoid sharing the job with an outside tunneling contractor, the long tunnel concept was revived in April 2006. The allegations led to calls for an outside cost estimate to determine more realistic tunnel costs.[17] On May 15, 2006, Virginia Transportation Secretary Pierce R. Homer announced the creation of an advisory panel headed by the American Society of Civil Engineers. The panel had about two months to evaluate options for completing the line through Tysons Corner,[18] with the results presented to the state on July 27, 2006[19] and published on July 31, 2006.[20]

On September 6, 2006, Virginia Governor Tim Kaine announced his decision in favor of an elevated track through Tysons Corner. In his statement, Kaine said he believed a tunnel would be the best option, but decided against it, citing a fear of losing federal funding for the project.[21]

Shortly after Governor Kaine's decision, the Greater McLean Chamber of Commerce formed a coalition of tunnel supporters (called TysonsTunnel, Inc.) and put forth a technical proposal to help revive consideration of building a tunnel through Tysons Corner.[22] The Virginia Department of Rail and Public Transportation hired an independent consultant to assess the coalition's proposal. However, the consultant's report—sent to Secretary Homer on March 7, 2007—stated that "[t]here is a significant risk that the project cost of a Large Bore Tunnel would not meet the Federal Transit Administration's (FTA's) cost-effectiveness ratio criteria, which could compromise federal funding for the project."[23][24]

On November 26, 2007, Tysons Tunnel, Inc. filed a lawsuit against the United States Department of Transportation and the FTA in the Eastern District of Virginia challenging the denial of their petition to reopen and consider additional evidence regarding the benefits of a tunnel over the aerial option. Gary Baise, the Republican challenger to Gerry Connolly's Fairfax County Board of Supervisors Chairmanship, represented Tysons Tunnel.[25] By 2010, Tysons Tunnel, Inc. ceased operations.[26]

Start of construction was delayed as approval of the $900 million federal contribution to project costs awaited the conclusion of FTA's review of the proposal submitted by Virginia. Virginia government representatives, including Governor Tim Kaine and U.S. Senator John Warner (R) and Jim Webb (D), arrived at the FTA on January 24, 2008 to address last minute concerns by FTA staff and administrators. FTA Administrator James Simpson presented Governor Kaine with a letter that contained stark criticisms of the project as presented. The project as presented was given a "medium-low" rating (projects must receive a "medium" or higher rating to be approved under the Federal New Starts Funds project) and determined ineligible to receive the $900 million in federal funding. FTA's concerns included the Metropolitan Washington Airports Authority's inexperience in large design-build contracts, an exaggeration of funding numbers from the Dulles Toll Road, and an inability for Metro to maintain the 23-mile (37 km) line once it had been built. Virginia leaders vowed to address the concerns by January 28, 2008, as several fixed price contracts for building materials costs were due to expire on February 1.[27][28] Governor Kaine requested an extension of the deadline to February 1, which was granted by the FTA.[29]

On April 30, 2008, the FTA reversed the earlier decision and approved the above-ground project, saying that it met standards for cost efficiency, construction, and ridership, moving it closer to receiving the $900 million in federal funding. Officials told The Washington Post that the project would move into the final design stage.[30] The FTA approved funding for the project on December 4, 2008.[31]

On March 10, 2009, U.S. Transportation Secretary Ray LaHood signed the formal agreement that awarded the $900 million promised by the federal government for construction of the Silver Line, with major construction expected to begin in several weeks. Utility relocation work had been underway in Tysons Corner since mid-2008.[32]

Construction begins

Although construction was planned to begin in 2005, the delays in approval of funding pushed back the start date. To facilitate Silver Line construction, responsibility for the project was transferred on November 1, 2008 from the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) to the MWAA. Utility relocation work began in 2008, and construction began on March 12, 2009.[33][34]

The extension will run in its own right-of-way on a route similar to that of the Dulles Access Road, running both at grade and via aerial structures. The only significant diversions from the access road route are for the stops in Tysons Corner and at Dulles International Airport, where the Metro is currently planned to alternate between subway and elevated track to maintain the exclusive right-of-way.

Service on Phase I of the Silver Line is expected to begin in 2013[21] between Reston – Wiehle Avenue and Stadium–Armory, with five new stations being added to the existing network west of East Falls Church. The full line to Route 772, including a station at Dulles International Airport, is expected to be completed in 2016.[21] There will also be a provision made for a future in-fill station at Wolf Trap, between Reston – Wiehle Avenue and Tysons – Spring Hill Road.

One lane of southbound State Route 123 in Tysons Corner was closed for a two-year period, starting on February 22, 2010, for construction of the Tysons East Metro station. The distance impacted is two blocks, from Scotts Crossing Road to the Capital Beltway.[35]

There has been controversy over the contract between the MWAA and Dulles Transit Partners, which consists of Bechtel and Washington Group International. The $2.7 billion project was originally awarded by VDOT under the Virginia Public-Private Partnership Act, rather than by using conventional competitive bidding based upon a detailed specification. As a result, the contractor is allowed to both design and build the project with no upper cap on its cost. Problems could arise from the arrangement where MWAA is supervising the design and construction but ultimately WMATA must operate the Silver Line.[36] The contract provides for price escalation of $3 million to $6 million a month for delays.[37] VDOT transferred the contract to MWAA when MWAA took over the project in November 2008.

MWAA is planning to award a separate design-build contract for Phase II.[38] No start date has been set for Phase II, but a 2016 target date for completion of Phase II remains as a planning objective.

Pier support

Unused bridge pier near West Falls Church station, intended to support a Silver Line bridge

When the Orange Line was originally constructed in 1977, foundations for the bridges to carry the Silver Line over I-66 to the median of the Dulles Access Road were built up to ground level. These foundations included steel piles that were driven into the ground and capped with concrete. However, detailed records for these original foundations were lost. As a result, engineers asked for the foundations to be inspected by digging around them to determine the condition of each pile under the concrete foundation caps.[39]

Some of the foundations are located in confined spots adjacent to I-66 and the electrified third rail of the Orange Line, making access difficult. Dulles Transit Partners offered to inspect seven foundations that were easily accessible, but the FTA insisted that all foundations be tested. Dulles Transit Partners and MWAA agreed to test all foundations before the bridge piers were built upon them. This required the portion of the Orange Line between the West Falls Church and East Falls Church Metro stations to be taken out of service on weekends while the tests were conducted.[39] The foundations were acceptable, and the bridge construction proceeded using the existing foundations.[40]

Financing

Although the original financing plan called for a 50-cent toll increase on the Dulles Toll Road to finance the Silver Line (25 cents at the main plaza and 25 cents at the ramp plazas), the increase in projected costs resulted in the MWAA Board approving an increase in the surcharges. Effective January 1, 2010, the fare surcharge was increased to 50 cents at both the main plaza and ramp plazas, with additional 25-cent increases in main-plaza tolls set for 2011 and 2012.[41] These toll surcharges are designed to support MWAA's 52.6% share of the projected $5.25 billion combined cost of Phase I and Phase II. MWAA has justified these toll increases as necessary to meet an estimated $220 million in annual debt-service costs projected by 2020.[42] These toll revenue requirements were based on the assumption that the federal government, although it contributed $900 million to Phase I, would not contribute funds for Phase II.[42]

As a result of the surcharge increases, the toll in 2012 will be $2.25,[43] or 16 cents per mile. The toll increase proposal drew 221 public comments, and opponents outnumbered supporters by about 3 to 1.[43] However, as the cost estimate grew from $5.25 billion to $6.8 billion, no final decisions have been reached to address the projected shortfall.

Phase II Dulles extension

While construction of Phase I to Reston – Wiehle Avenue is underway, the funding and planning of Phase II through Dulles Airport continues. This includes the adoption of a special taxing district by the Town of Herndon[44] and a public planning forum.[45] In order to address escalations in the projected cost of Phase II, the MWAA Board is considering alternatives to the original plan for an underground station adjacent to the Dulles Airport terminal. Alternatives being considered are an underground station near the airport's north garage about 550 feet (170 m) from the terminal, and above ground stations located either at the present arrival road ramp or at the parking garage. These plans have drawn concerns from the Virginia Historic Preservation Office regarding the visual impact on the Eero Saarinen-designed terminal. Consultants estimate that an above-ground station would save $640 million in construction costs.[38] Early cost estimates for Phase II had been $2.75 billion, however a group of consultants increased the estimate in 2010 to $3.44 billion to $4.1 billion.[46]

On April 6, 2011, the MWAA Board voted 9 to 4 to build an underground station located 550 feet (170 m) from the airport terminal rather than an above-ground station 1,150 feet (350 m) away from the terminal. The underground station would be more convenient to travelers, but would come at an additional cost of $330 million and would extend the construction time of the project, delaying the expected opening to mid-2017.[47] Several Virginia Republican politicians including Governor Bob McDonnell, Attorney General Ken Cuccinelli, Rep. Frank Wolf, and former Congressman Tom Davis oppose the decision to build a more expensive underground station, and have threatened to withhold support for the project and to propose increasing the number of Virginia representatives to the MWAA Board. U.S. Secretary of Transportation Ray LaHood has offered to mediate the dispute.[48]

Furthermore, Cuccinelli stated in a radio interview with WMAL that the project is an "economic boondoggle," and "the cost-benefit just is not there." He also stated "I hope [voters in November, 2011] elect an entire [Loudoun county] board who's committed to pulling out of Phase Two to kill it." Additionally, Cuccinelli has concerns over the MWAA labor contract for Phase II, and stated he is prepared to sue MWAA if a "project labor agreement" were in place, for violating Virginia's right to work laws.[49] In November 2011, the MWAA, the Commonwealth of Virginia, and Fairfax and Loudoun counties came to a funding agreement to pay for Phase II of the project with federal loan guarantees from the U.S. Department of Transportation.[50]

Impact on the Metro map

2003 WMATA-produced unofficial Silver Line map

Metro's iconic rail map, in distribution since Lance Wyman designed it in 1976, takes—according to some observers— a "pop art" approach to representing its subway network.[51] The Metro rail map uses unusually "thick" strokes to mark its radial lines. To fit in the current space and make use of the iconography as currently proportioned, the map relies upon the fact that no more than two lines overlap at any single location.[52] The addition of the Silver Line, however, will create a three-line overlap from Rosslyn to Stadium-Armory, a fact that led WMATA to publicly announce in 2010 that it is considering a new map design.[53] A number of unofficial attempts by graphic designers to redraw the Washington Metro map to include the Silver Line have done so by thinning the strokes throughout.[54] In 2003, predating Booth's attempt, WMATA released a professionally designed graphic that displayed the Silver Line on an unofficial map that resembled the current version, but with thin lines. The interplay between Metro's unofficial proposal and those of other designers has received attention in a number of press outlets.[51][54][55] A poster displaying a map of similar design has been hanging in DC Councilman Jack Evans' office for a number of years, but received scant attention until 2008.[56] Wyman, the original designer of the map, was confirmed as the layout specialist who would be redesigning the map by the Washington Post on June 4, 2011.[57]

List of planned stations, west to east

Stations west of Dulles Airport are listed by their planning names. East of Dulles Airport, proposed/under construction stations are listed by their proposed names.[58][59]

Other lines Station name Notes
  Route 772
  Route 606
  Dulles International Airport
  Herndon – Dulles East Planning name: Route 28
  Herndon – Reston West Planning name: Herndon–Monroe
  Reston Town Center Planning name: Reston Parkway
  Reston – Wiehle Avenue Planning name: Wiehle Avenue
  Wolf Trap Provision for future in-fill station (currently not planned)
  Tysons – Spring Hill Road Planning name: Tysons West
  Tysons Central Planning name: Tysons Central 7
  Tysons I & II Planning name: Tysons Central 123
  Tysons–McLean Planning name: Tysons East
     Orange East Falls Church Orange Line joins on same track
     Orange Ballston–MU
     Orange Virginia Square – GMU
     Orange Clarendon
     Orange Court House
     Orange
     Blue
Rosslyn Blue Line joins on same track
     Orange
     Blue
Foggy Bottom – GWU
     Orange
     Blue
Farragut West
     Orange
     Blue
McPherson Square
     Orange
     Blue
Metro Center Transfer station for Red Line
     Orange
     Blue
Federal Triangle
     Orange
     Blue
Smithsonian
     Orange
     Blue
L'Enfant Plaza Transfer station for the Yellow and Green Lines
     Orange
     Blue
Federal Center SW
     Orange
     Blue
Capitol South
     Orange
     Blue
Eastern Market
     Orange
     Blue
Potomac Avenue
     Orange
     Blue
Stadium–Armory Blue and Orange Lines continue, and Silver Line trains terminate on a pocket track east of the station

References

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  46. ^ Kravitz, Derek (September 16, 2010). "Silver Line costs soars for 2nd phase". p. B1. 
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  48. ^ Fabel, Leah (May 10, 2011). "LaHood offers to mediate Dulles Rail funding fight". Washington Examiner: p. 5. 
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  52. ^ Alpert, David (October 7, 2008). "Brown Line: We don't need a new color". Greater Greater Washington. http://greatergreaterwashington.org/post/1297/brown-line-we-dont-need-a-new-color/. Retrieved 2011-02-02. : "As several commenters mentioned, the thick lines take up a lot of room and, with the Silver Line [and Brown Line], we'd have six lines going through L'Enfant. Metro can alleviate this by thinning out the colors, but that's still a lot."
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  55. ^ Hammond, J.D. (October 26, 2010). "Fixing WMATA's Metrorail Map". Washington Examiner. 
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  57. ^ Hedgpeth, Dana (June 4, 2011). "After more than 30 years, Metro map is being redesigned by creator, Lance Wyman". The Washington Post. 
  58. ^ Hosh, Kafia (March 29, 2011). "Fairfax OKs names for new Metrorail stations". Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/dr-gridlock/post/fairfax-oks-names-for-tysons-metrorail-stations/2011/03/29/AFVQC1vB_blog.html. Retrieved March 29, 2011. 
  59. ^ Hosh, Kafia (March 30, 2011). "Fairfax names new Metro stations". Washington Post: p. B5. 

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