- Hyperperfect number
In
mathematics , a "k"-hyperperfect number (sometimes just called "hyperperfect number") is anatural number "n" for which the equality "n" = 1 + "k"("σ"("n") − "n" − 1) holds, where "σ"("n") is thedivisor function (i.e., the sum of all positivedivisor s of "n"). A number is perfectiff it is 1-hyperperfect.The first few numbers in the sequence of "k"-hyperperfect numbers are 6, 21, 28, 301, 325, 496, ... (sequence [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=A034897 A034897] in
OEIS ), with the corresponding values of "k" being 1, 2, 1, 6, 3, 1, 12, ... (sequence [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=A034898 A034898] in OEIS). The first few "k"-hyperperfect numbers that are not perfect are 21, 301, 325, 697, 1333, ... (sequence [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=A007592 A007592] in OEIS).List of hyperperfect numbers
The following table lists the first few "k"-hyperperfect numbers for some values of "k", together with the sequence number in the
On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences (OEIS) of the sequence of "k"-hyperperfect numbers:"k" OEIS Some known "k"-hyperperfect numbers 1 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=A000396 A000396] 6, 28, 496, 8128, 33550336, ... 2 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=A007593 A007593] 21, 2133, 19521, 176661, 129127041, ... 3 325, ... 4 1950625, 1220640625, ... 6 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=A028499 A028499] 301, 16513, 60110701, 1977225901, ... 10 159841, ... 11 10693, ... 12 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=A028500 A028500] 697, 2041, 1570153, 62722153, 10604156641, 13544168521, ... 18 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=A028501 A028501] 1333, 1909, 2469601, 893748277, ... 19 51301, ... 30 3901, 28600321, ... 31 214273, ... 35 306181, ... 40 115788961, ... 48 26977, 9560844577, ... 59 1433701, ... 60 24601, ... 66 296341, ... 75 2924101, ... 78 486877, ... 91 5199013, ... 100 10509080401, ... 108 275833, ... 126 12161963773, ... 132 96361, 130153, 495529, ... 136 156276648817, ... 138 46727970517, 51886178401, ... 140 1118457481, ... 168 250321, ... 174 7744461466717, ... 180 12211188308281, ... 190 1167773821, ... 192 163201, 137008036993, ... 198 1564317613, ... 206 626946794653, 54114833564509, ... 222 348231627849277, ... 228 391854937, 102744892633, 3710434289467, ... 252 389593, 1218260233, ... 276 72315968283289, ... 282 8898807853477, ... 296 444574821937, ... 342 542413, 26199602893, ... 348 66239465233897, ... 350 140460782701, ... 360 23911458481, ... 366 808861, ... 372 2469439417, ... 396 8432772615433, ... 402 8942902453, 813535908179653, ... 408 1238906223697, ... 414 8062678298557, ... 430 124528653669661, ... 438 6287557453, ... 480 1324790832961, ... 522 723378252872773, 106049331638192773, ... 546 211125067071829, ... 570 1345711391461, 5810517340434661, ... 660 13786783637881, ... 672 142718568339485377, ... 684 154643791177, ... 774 8695993590900027, ... 810 5646270598021, ... 814 31571188513, ... 816 31571188513, ... 820 1119337766869561, ... 968 52335185632753, ... 972 289085338292617, ... 978 60246544949557, ... 1050 64169172901, ... 1410 80293806421, ... 2772 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=A028502 A028502] 95295817, 124035913, ... 3918 61442077, 217033693, 12059549149, 60174845917, ... 9222 404458477, 3426618541, 8983131757, 13027827181, ... 9828 432373033, 2797540201, 3777981481, 13197765673, ... 14280 848374801, 2324355601, 4390957201, 16498569361, ... 23730 2288948341, 3102982261, 6861054901, 30897836341, ... 31752 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=A034916 A034916] 4660241041, 7220722321, 12994506001, 52929885457, 60771359377, ... 55848 15166641361, 44783952721, 67623550801, ... 67782 18407557741, 18444431149, 34939858669, ... 92568 50611924273, 64781493169, 84213367729, ... 100932 50969246953, 53192980777, 82145123113, ... It can be shown that if "k" > 1 is an
odd integer and "p" = (3"k" + 1) / 2 and "q" = 3"k" + 4 areprime number s, then "p"²"q" is "k"-hyperperfect;Judson S. McCraine has conjectured in2000 that all "k"-hyperperfect numbers for odd "k" > 1 are of this form, but the hypothesis has not been proven so far. Furthermore, it can be proven that if "p" ≠ "q" are odd primes and "k" is an integer such that "k"("p" + "q") = "pq" - 1, then "pq" is "k"-hyperperfect.It is also possible to show that if "k" > 0 and "p" = "k" + 1 is prime, then for all "i" > 1 such that "q" = "p""i" − "p" + 1 is prime, "n" = "p""i" − 1"q" is "k"-hyperperfect. The following table lists known values of "k" and corresponding values of "i" for which "n" is "k"-hyperperfect:
"k" OEIS Values of "i" 16 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=034922 A034922] 11, 21, 127, 149, 469, ... 22 17, 61, 445, ... 28 33, 89, 101, ... 36 67, 95, 341, ... 42 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=034923 A034923] 4, 6, 42, 64, 65, ... 46 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=034924 A034924] 5, 11, 13, 53, 115, ... 52 21, 173, ... 58 11, 117, ... 72 21, 49, ... 88 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=034925 A034925] 9, 41, 51, 109, 483, ... 96 6, 11, 34, ... 100 [http://www.research.att.com/cgi-bin/access.cgi/as/njas/sequences/eisA.cgi?Anum=034926 A034926] 3, 7, 9, 19, 29, 99, 145, ... Further reading
Articles
*
Daniel Minoli , Robert Bear, "Hyperperfect Numbers", PME (Pi Mu Epsilon) Journal, University Oklahoma, Fall 1975, pp. 153-157.
* Daniel Minoli, "Sufficient Forms For Generalized Perfect Numbers", Ann. Fac. Sciences, Univ. Nation. Zaire, Section Mathem; Vol. 4, No. 2, Dec 1978, pp. 277-302.
* Daniel Minoli, "Structural Issues For Hyperperfect Numbers", Fibonacci Quarterly, Feb. 1981, Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 6-14.
* Daniel Minoli, "Issues In Non-Linear Hyperperfect Numbers, Mathematics of Computation", Vol. 34, No. 150, April 1980, pp. 639-645.
* Daniel Minoli, "New Results For Hyperperfect Numbers", Abstracts American Math. Soc., October 1980, Issue 6, Vol. 1, pp. 561.
* Daniel Minoli, W. Nakamine, "Mersenne Numbers Rooted On 3 For Number Theoretic Transforms", 1980 IEEE International Conf. on Acoust., Speech and Signal Processing.
* Judson S. McCranie, "A Study of Hyperperfect Numbers", Journal of Integer Sequences, Vol. 3 (2000), http://www.math.uwaterloo.ca/JIS/VOL3/mccranie.htmlBooks
* Daniel Minoli, Voice over MPLS, McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, 2002, ISBN 0-07-140615-8 (p.114-134)
External links
* [http://mathworld.wolfram.com/HyperperfectNumber.html MathWorld: Hyperperfect number]
* [http://j.mccranie.home.comcast.net has a long list of hyperperfect numbers under Data]
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