Captaincy General of Guatemala

Infobox Former Country
native_name = "Capitanía General de Guatemala"
conventional_long_name = Captaincy General of Guatemala
common_name = Guatemala
continent = North America
region = Central America
country = Guatemala
era = Spanish Empire
status = Colony
status_text =
empire = Spain
government_type = Monarchy

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year_start = 1609
year_end = 1821|
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p1 = Audiencia of Guatemala
flag_p1 = Flag of New Spain.svg
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s1 = First Mexican Empire
flag_s1 = Flag of Mexico 1821.pngimage_s1 =
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capital = Santiago de Guatemala
Guatemala City
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common_languages = Spanish (de facto); Mayan languages
religion = Roman Catholic
currency = Peso|

leader1 = Philip III
leader2 = Philip IV
leader3 = Joseph I Napoleon (not recognized)
leader4 = Cádiz Cortes
leader5 = Ferdinand VII
year_leader1 = 1609-1621
year_leader2 = 1621-1665
year_leader3 = 1808-1813
year_leader4 = 1810-1814
year_leader5 = 1814-1821
title_leader =
representative1 =
representative2 =
representative3 = José de Bustamante
representative4 = Gabino de Gainza (acting) [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556126_9/guatemala.html "Guatemala,"] Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2008http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2008 Microsoft Corporation.]
year_representative1 =
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year_representative3 = 1811-1818
year_representative4 = 1818-1821 [http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761556126_9/guatemala.html "Guatemala,"] Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2008http://encarta.msn.com © 1997-2008 Microsoft Corporation.]
title_representative = Captaincy General
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legislature = Audiencia of Guatemala
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footnotes = The Captaincy General of Guatemala ( _es. Capitanía General de Guatemala), also known as the Kingdom of Guatemala (Spanish: "Reino de Guatemala"), was an administrative division in Spanish America which covered much of Central America, including what are now Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, El Salvador, Guatemala, and the Mexican state of Chiapas. The governor-captain general was also president of the Audiencia of Guatemala.

Antecedents

The colonization of the area that became the future Captaincy General began in 1524. In the north, the brothers brothers Gonzalo and Pedro de Alvarado, Hernán Cortés and others headed various expeditions into Guatemala and Honduras. In the south Francisco Hernández de Córdoba, acting under the auspices of Pedrarias Dávila in Panama, moved into what is today Nicaragua.

The capital of Guatemala moved several times in the first decade of its existence. In 1540 of the city of Santiago de los Caballeros de Goathemala was founded after Tecpán Guatemala was abandoned due to its vulnerablity to attack. However, the second settlement was destroyed in 1542 by a flood, and the new capital of Antigua Guatemala ( [http://www.atitlan.net/riegel/Antigua/palace-of-the-captains-general/0.htm photos] ), was founded to replace the old capital. Although the city of Antigua Guatemala became one of the richest of the New World capitals in the subsequent centuries, this city was in turn ordered abandoned in 1776, after a series of earthquakes destroyed it. The third capital was the modern-day Guatemala City.

The Church played an important role in the administration of the overseas possessions of the Spanish crown. The first dioceses were established in León, Nicaragua and Guatemala in 1534. Another diocese was created in Chiapas in 1539. The dioceses of Guatemala and Chiapas were suffragan to the Archdiocese of Seville, until 1546 when they are placed under the Archdiocese of Mexico. The Diocese of León was made suffragan to Archdiocese of Lima in 1546. Another short-lived diocese was set up in Verapaz, Guatemala in 1559. Along the Caribbean coast, there were several attempts to establish a diocese in Honduras, which finally succeeded in 1561 with the Diocese of Comayagua which was placed under the Archdiocese of Santo Domingo.

In 1543 the district was defined with the establishment of an "audiencia", which took most of Central America as its jurisdiction. This "audiencia", along with the one in Lima, took over the territory of the first Audiencia of Panama. It was the first institution to define Central America (with the exception of Panama) as a region within the Spanish Empire.

Establishment

In 1609 the area became a captaincy general, when the governor and "Audiencia" president was also granted the title of captain general to deal with foreign threats to the area from the Caribbean, granting the area autonomy in administrative and military matters. Around the same time Habsburg Spain created other captaincies general in Puerto Rico (1580), Cuba (1607) and Yucatán (1617).

In the 17th century a process of uniting the church hierarchy of Central America also began. The dioceses of Comayagua and León were made suffragan to the Archdiocese of Mexico in 1620 and 1647, respectively. Finally in the 18th century Guatemala was raised to an Archdiocese in 1743 and the dioceses of León, Chiapas and Comayagua are made suffragan to it, giving the region unity and autonomy in religious matters.

As part of the Bourbon Reforms in 1786 the crown established a series of intendancies in the area, which replaced most of the older "corregimientos". The intendants were granted broad fiscal powers and were charged with promoting the local economy. The new intendancies were San Salvador (El Salvador), Chiapas, Comayagua (Honduras), and León (Nicaragua). The governor-captain general-president of Guatemala became the "superintendente general" of the territory and functioned as de facto intendant of Guatemala proper. The agricultural, southern region of Costa Rica remained under a civil and military governor with fiscal oversight of only military expenses; the expenses of the civil government were handled by the intendant of León. These intendancies helped shape local political identity and provided the basis of the future nations of Central America.

Independence

In 1812 the Cádiz Cortes divided the region into two provinces: Guatemala (Guatemala, Chiapas, Honduras and El Salvador) and Nicaragua y Costa Rica. These provinces existed from 1812 to 1814 and once again from 1820 to 1821, the period during which the Spanish Constitution of 1812 was in effect. The two provinces elected seven deputies to the Cortes during the the first period. [Rieu-Millan, Marie Laure. "Los diputados americanos en las Cortes de Cádiz: Igualdad o independencia". Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1990. 43. ISBN 978-8400070915] The "jefe político superior" (governor) of Guatemala remained the Captain General of Central America and Chiapas. The Captaincy General ended in 1821, when the regional elite supported the Plan of Iguala, which lead to independence and the creation of the First Mexican Empire. With the exception of Chiapas, the region peacefully succeeded from Mexico in July 1823, establishing the United Provinces of Central America. While the region remained politically cohesive for a short time, centrifugal forces soon pulled the individual provinces apart by 1840.

References

Bibliography

*Dym, Jordana and Christophe Belaubre, (editors). "Politics, Economy, and Society in Bourbon Central America, 1759-1821". (Boulder: University press of Colorado, 2007) ISBN 978-0-87081-844-8
*Hawkins, Timothy. "José de Bustamante and Central American Independence: Colonial Administration in an Age of Imperial Crisis". (Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2004) ISBN 0-8173-1427-X
*Wortman, Miles L. "Government and Society in Central Ameria, 1680-1840". (New York: Columbia University Press, 1982) ISBN 0-231-05212-X