Indo-European sound laws

As the Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) broke up, its sound system diverged as well, according to various sound laws in the daughter languages. Notable among these are Grimm's law in Proto-Germanic, loss of prevocalic "*p-" in Proto-Celtic, loss of prevocalic "*s-" in Proto-Greek, Brugmann's law in Proto-Indo-Iranian, and Winter's law and Hirt's law in Balto-Slavic. Grassmann's law and Bartholomae's law may or may not have been still common Indo-European.

;Note - these draught tables need to be completed, verified, and the allophones explained.

Consonants

:Notes:
*¹ After vowels.
*² Before a plosive (PIE|p, t, k).
*³ Following an unstressed vowel (Verner's Law).
*⁴ After a (Proto-Germanic) fricative (PIE|s, f).
*⁵ Before a (PIE) front vowel (PIE|i, e).
*⁶ Before or after a (PIE) PIE|u.
*⁷ Before or after a (PIE) PIE|o, u.
*⁸ Between vowels.
*⁹ Before a resonant.
*¹⁰ Before secondary (post-PIE) front-vowels.
*¹¹ After PIE|r, u, k, i (Ruki sound law).
*¹² Before a stressed vowel.
*¹³ At the end of a word.
*¹⁴ After PIE|u, r or before PIE|r, l.
*¹⁵ After PIE|n.

Vowels and syllabic consonants

;Notes:
*¹ Before "wa".
*² Before "r, h".
*³ The existence of PIE non-allophonic "a" is disputed.
*⁴ In open syllables (Brugmann's law).
*⁵ Under stress.
*⁶ Before palatal consonants.
*⁷ The so-called breaking is disputed (typical examples are PIE|*proti-h₃kʷo- > Ved. "prátīkam" ~ Gk. Polytonic|πρόσωπον; PIE|*gʷih₃u̯o- > Ved. "jīvá-" ~ Arm. "keank‘", Gk. Polytonic|ζωός; PIE|*duh₂ro- > Ved. "dūrá-" ~ Arm. "erkar", Gk. Polytonic|δηρός)
*⁸ In a final syllable.
*⁹ Before velars and unstressed
*¹⁰ Before "ā" in the following syllable.
*¹¹ Before "i" in the following syllable.
*¹² In a closed syllable.
*¹³ In the neighbourhood of labials.
*¹⁴ In the neighbourhood of labiovelars.

Examples

See the hosted at Wiktionary.

PIE|*p

PIE|*, ~ PIE|*ped-, "foot". [Meier-Brügger (2003), p. 128]
* Vedic Sanskrit: "pád-"
* Slovenian: "pòd", "floor"
* Lithuanian: "pėda", "foot bottom"
* Luwian: "pa-da-", "pa-ta-"
* Greek: "poús", "pod-"
* Latin: "pēs", "ped-"
* Gothic: "fotus" (*p -> f by Grimm's Law)

PIE|*t

PIE|*, "three". [Meier-Brügger (2003), p. 127]
* Vedic Sanskrit: "tráyas"
* OCS: "trьje"
* Lithuanian: "trỹs"
* Greek: "treĩs"
* Latin: "trēs"
* Old Norse: "þrir" (*t -> þ by Grimm's Law)

PIE|*k̂

PIE|*, "hundred" (from earlier PIE|*dk̂m̥tóm) [Meier-Brügger (2003), pp. 101-102]
* Vedic Sanskrit: "śatám"
* Later Avestan: "satəm"
* Lithuanian: "šimta-s"
* Greek: "hekatón"
* Latin: "centum" (i.e., "kentum")
* Gothic: "hund-" (from proto-Germanic *"xund") [cite book
first=Hans Heinrich
last=Hock
title=Principles of historical linguistics
publisher=Walter de Gruyter
location=Berlin; New York
year=1986
isbn=3110106000
pages=p. 132
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=bZi64Oi8mDMC]

PIE|*k

PIE|*kreuh₂, "raw flesh" [Meier-Brügger (2003), p. 131]
* Vedic Sanskrit: "kravíṣ-", "raw meat"
* Lithuanian: "kraûjas", "blood"
* OCS: "krьvь", "blood"
* Greek: "kréas", "meat"
* Latin: "cruor", "raw blood"
* Old High German: "hrō", "raw"

ound laws within PIE

A few phonological laws can be reconstructed that may have been effective prior to the final breakup of PIE by internal reconstruction.
* Sievers' Law (Edgerton's Law, Lindeman's option)
* Bartholomae's Law
* Szemerényi's law
* Stang's law
* Siebs' law

References

Bibliography

* cite book
first=Michael
last= Meier-Brügger
coauthors=Matthias Fritz, Manfred Mayrhofer, Charles Gertmenian (trans.)
title=Indo-European Linguistics
location=Berlin; New York
publisher=Walter de Gruyter
year=2003
isbn=3110174332
url=http://books.google.com/books?id=49xq3UlKWckC

ee also

*Centum-Satem isogloss
*Balto-Slavic
*Italo-Celtic
*Proto-Indo-Iranian
*Proto-Greek
*Proto-Celtic
*Proto-Germanic
*Indo-European s-mobile