Molosser

Molosser is a category of large, solidly-built dog that includes several breeds, probably all descended from the same root stock. The name derives from Molossia,^[1] a subregion of ancient Epirus,^[2] ancient Greece, where the large shepherd dog was known as the Molossus.^[3]

The proper noun "Mastiff", however, is used to refer to the English Mastiff, a breed that originated from Celtic dogs in England over two thousand years ago. Other terms include "Mastín" (Spanish), "Dogge" (Germanic), and "dogue" or "dogo" (Romance languages).

A Fila Brasileiro, showing the typical molosser build.

Breeds such as the Bullmastiff, Dogue de Bordeaux, Fila Brasileiro, Pyrenean Mastiff (Mastín del Pirineo), Spanish Mastiff, Neapolitan Mastiff, Tibetan Mastiff, and many others fall into the larger category of "Molossers", but are not "Mastiffs". Each is a separate and distinct breed.^[4] The Boxer breed is also included, as it is a creation from other Molossers including the Old English Bulldog.

Molossers typically have heavy bones, pendant ears, a relatively short and well-muscled neck, and a short muzzle. Although some Molossers are used for search and rescue, such as the Newfoundland and the Saint Bernard, most are used as guard dogs, due to their deep voices and natural guarding instincts, or livestock guardian dogs for protection against large predators as well as poachers. Some breeds like the Greater Swiss Mountain Dog have also been used as cart dogs.

Origins

The first known record of a molosser-type dog was in 1121 BC, when a Tibetan mastiff trained for hunting was given to a Chinese emperor. The mastiffs would later be exported to Mongolia, Mesopotamia and Central Asia where they would mix with local dogs, resulting in a loss of long hair and colour uniformity. The main features, such as height and a massive head with a big short muzzle were kept. The dogs were considered valuable in Babylon, and are mentioned in cuneiform in the 4th century BC. A large mastiff-like dog is shown on the ancient terra cotta by Birs Nimrud. The dog is rather tall: 90 centimetres (35 in) at the withers, has a stocky head and powerful hind quarters. The dogs were used for hunting in ancient Assyria. Archeological digs of the Ashurbanipal palace (7th century BC) revealed pictures of dogs felling wild horses and donkeys. Assyrian mastiffs were also used for military purposes and for protection.

Jennings Dog, generally assumed to be a Molosser hound

The ancient mastiffs would later be imported from Assyria and Babylon to Egypt and Asia Minor. Xerxes I of Persia led predatory wars to enlarge the borders of his empire, taking with him large war dogs in his Army. After his army's defeat by the Greeks, his mastiffs were kept as trophies of war. The mastiffs would be bred in Molossia and from there, spread all over the Mediterranean under the name of "epirian" dogs or molosses. Mastiffs were used to fight in the Roman amphitheater against lions and may have been used in lion hunting. They are said to be at the root of many Mountain dog breeds.

The Alans kept mastiff-like dogs taken from Eastern Europe which acted as retrievers, guard dogs, and fighting dogs. The name associated with these dogs is Alaunt, or in Spanish Alano. The mastiffs were used in unison with sighthounds to hunt wisent, aurochs and bear. Groups of Alanian tribes came to Europe during the Migration Period, fighting on the territory of modern France, Spain, Portugal and Northern Africa, taking with them their dogs. The Alanian mastiffs then spread to the British Isles.^[5] The mastiff of the Alps, the Alpine Mastiff, was a progenitor of the St. Bernard and contributed to the modern English Mastiff.

A Female British Bulldog.

The Newfoundland dog is the only Canadian molosser type dog breed. Portuguese fishermen have fished off the shores of Newfoundland for centuries, and the Newfoundland breed was likely a result of Portuguese mastiffs breeding with the native St. John's Water Dog.

The Bulldog breeds split from the Molossers in England and spread to the New World with colonization as well as Western Europe and, though smaller, are considered by some still to be Molosser breeds.

Canine Taxonomy

Nineteenth-century army veterinarian and entomologist Jean Pierre Mégnin theorized there were four basic canine races, based on his observation of their different skull structures: Lupoides (Spitz), Braccoides (scenthounds), Graioides (sighthounds), and Molossoides (mountain dogs, mastiff breeds and even Pugs).^[6] Although study of the canine genome is causing the revision of phenotype-based taxonomies such as Mégnin's, the four categories are still used in some traditional contexts.

List of breeds

This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Adronicus Mastiff Akbash Dog Alabai (Central Asian Shepherd Dog, Central Asian Ovtcharka) Alano Español (Spanish Alano) Alaunt (extinct) Alapaha Blue Blood Bulldog Alpine Mastiff (extinct) Alp Mastiff (Cane Garouf) American Bulldog American Bull Molosser American Mastiff American Pit Bull Terrier American Staffordshire Terrier Alangu Mastiff (Indian Mastiff) Antebellum Bulldog Anatolian Shepherd Dog Appenzeller Sennenhund Argentine Dogo Armenian Gampr dog Bandog Banter Bulldogge Belgian Mastiff Bergamasco Bernese Mountain Dog (Berner Sennen) Boerboel (South-African Mastiff) Boston Terrier Boxer Brazilian Bullmastiff Broholmer Bucciriscu Calabrese Bulldog (English Bulldog, British Bulldog) Buldogue Campeiro Bullenbeisser (German Bulldog) (extinct) Bullmastiff Bully Kutta (Pakistani Mastiff) Bull Terrier (England) Ca de Bou (Perro de Presa Mallorquin, Mallorquin Bulldog, etc.) Cane Corso (Sicilian mastiff) Cão da Serra da Estrela (Estrela Mountain Dog) Cão de Castro Laboreiro (Portuguese Watchdog, Portuguese Cattledog) Cão de Fila de São Miguel (Azores Cattledog) Cão de Fila da Terceira (Dog of Terceira (Terceira Island, Azores) - see Cão de Fila de São Miguel) Cão de Gado Transmontano (Portuguese Mountain Cattle dog (Montesinho)) Catahoula Bulldog Catahoula Cur Caucasian Shepherd Dog Central Asia Shepherd Dog Cimarrón Uruguayo (Uruguayan Cimarron) Dosa Inu (Mee-Kyun Dosa, Korean Mastiff) Dogue de Bordeaux (French Mastiff) Dogo Argentino Dogo Cubano Dogo Guatemalteco

Dogo Sardesco Dutch Mastiff (An alternate name for a Pug, technically a misnomer from a genetic standpoint) English Mastiff (Mastiff) Entlebucher Sennenhund (Entlebucher Mountain Dog) Fila Brasileiro (Brazilian Mastiff) French Bulldog Armenian Gampr Giant Maso Mastiff Golden Retriever Golden Mastiff Gran Mastin de Borínquen Great Dane (German Mastiff) Great Pyrenees Greater Swiss Mountain Dog (Grosser Schweizer Sennenhund) Gull Terr Gull Dang Hovawart Himalayan Sheepdog Kangal Dog Komondor Kuvasz Landseer (sometimes considered a colour variety of the Newfoundland) Leonberger Moscovskaya Storozhevaya Sobaka (Moscow Watchdog) Neapolitan Mastiff Newfoundland Olde Boston Bulldogge Old Roman Bull-Dog Olde English Bulldogge Panther Dog Perro Cimarron Perro de Presa Canario Perro de Toro Polish Tatra Sheepdog Pug Pyrenean Mastiff Pyrenean Mountain Dog (Great Pyrenees) Rafeiro do Alentejo Rottweiler Sage Koochee (Afghan Sheepdog) Sage Mazandarani[2] (Sage Sangesari) Saint Bernard Šarplaninac or Illyrian Sheperd Shar Pei Spanish Mastiff Staffordshire Bull Terrier Tibetan Kyi Apso (Bearded Tibetan Mastiff) Tibetan Mastiff Tosa Inu (Japanese Mastiff) Turkish Mastiff (Malakli) Valley Bulldog Vucciriscu Xochaso

See also

• Giant dog breed
• List of dog fighting breeds
• Mountain dog

References

1. ^ Dogue De Bordeaux: A Comprehensive Owner's Guide by Joseph Janish,ISBN 1593782152,2003,Page 10,"... THE DOGUE DE BORDEAUX The Dogue de Bordeaux falls into a group of dogs classified as molossers, descendants of the Molossus, a dog that lived around the time of 700 BC. Based on ancient carvings and paintings, it appears that Molossus ..."
2. ^ The Mini-Atlas of Dog Breeds by Andrew De Prisco,ISBN 0866220917,1990,page 136,"... Mastiff prototypes , such as the Molossus of Epirus and Babylonian Mastiff, were used as flock guards against wolves and other predators. ..."
3. ^ The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region by J. D. Skinner,ISBN 0521844185,2006,page 277, "... XXII. F<u11ily MOLOSSIDAE Gervais, 1856 Free-tailed bats The name of the family is derived from the Greek molossus, a kind of dog used by Greek shepherds in ancient times. The head of a molossid is reminiscent of a ..."
4. ^ [1]
5. ^ Volkodav info-Aboriginal dogs of the Caucasus and Asia
6. ^ Mastiffs, The Big Game Hunters, by David Hancock. pg. 24, 'Classification of canine types', 2000. ISBN 0 9527 80127

• Dogue De Bordeaux: A Comprehensive Owner's Guide by Joseph Janish,ISBN 1593782152,2003,Page 10,"... THE DOGUE DE BORDEAUX The Dogue de Bordeaux falls into a group of dogs classified as molossers, descendants of the Molossus, a dog that lived around the time of 700 BC. Based on ancient carvings and paintings, it appears that Molossus ..."
• ^ The Mini-Atlas of Dog Breeds by Andrew De Prisco,ISBN 0866220917,1990,page 136,"... Mastiff prototypes , such as the Molossus of Epirus and Babylonian Mastiff, were used as flock guards against wolves and other predators. ..."
• ^ The Mammals of the Southern African Sub-region by J. D. Skinner,ISBN 0521844185,2006,page 277, "... XXII. F<u11ily MOLOSSIDAE Gervais, 1856 Free-tailed bats The name of the family is derived from the Greek molossus, a kind of dog used by Greek shepherds in ancient times. The head of a molossid is reminiscent of a ..."
• ^ [1]
• ^ Volkodav info-Aboriginal dogs of the Caucasus and Asia
• ^Mastiffs, The Big Game Hunters, by David Hancock. pg. 24, 'Classification of canine types', 2000. ISBN 0 9527 80127
• ^Fighting Dog Breeds, by Dr. Deiter Flieg. TFH Publications, 1996. TS-271

External links

• Gallery of Molosser breeds
• Greek Molosser breeds
• Greek Molosser Cynopedia