Dog tag

This article is about identification tags worn by military personnel. For the identifying tag worn by pets, see pet tag. For 2008 film, see Dog Tags (film).

For other uses of "Dog tag", see Dog tag (disambiguation).

A pair of blank dog tags on a ball chain

A dog tag is the informal name for the identification tags worn by military personnel, named such as it bears resemblance to actual dog tags. The tag is primarily used for the identification of dead and wounded and essential basic medical information for the treatment of the latter, such as blood type^[1] and history of inoculations, along with providing religious preference. Dog tags are usually fabricated from a corrosion-resistant metal or alloy such as aluminum, monel or stainless-steel, although, during wartime, they have been made from whatever metals were available. In the US military, if the member has a medical condition that requires special attention, an additional, red tag with the pertinent information is issued and worn with the dog tags.

In the US Military, wearing of the tag is required at all times by soldiers in the field. It may contain two copies of the information and be designed to break easily into two pieces. This allows half the tag to be collected for notification while the other half remains with the body when battle conditions do not allow the casualty to be immediately recovered. Alternatively, in the US Military, two identical tags are issued. One is worn on a long chain around the neck; the second on a much smaller chain attached to the first chain. In the event the wearer is killed, the second tag is collected, and the first remains with the body. Alternatively, some units allow or require each member to wear one laced into their boot in lieu of the second around the neck.

History

Dog tags of a U.S. Army soldier who served in World War II

During the American Civil War of 1861-1865, some soldiers pinned paper notes with their name and home address to the backs of their coats. Other soldiers stencilled identification on their knapsacks or scratched it in the soft lead backing of the Army belt buckle.

Manufacturers of identification badges recognized a market and began advertising in periodicals. Their pins were usually shaped to suggest a branch of service and engraved with the soldier's name and unit. Machine-stamped tags were also made of brass or lead with a hole and usually had (on one side) an eagle or shield and such phrases as "War for the Union" or "Liberty, Union, and Equality". The other side had the soldier's name and unit and sometimes a list of battles in which he had participated.

A New Yorker named John Kennedy wrote to the U.S. Army in 1862, offering to furnish discs for all officers and men in the Federal Army, enclosing a design for the disc. The National Archives now has the letter along with the reply, a summary refusal without explanation.

In the Spanish-American War, soldiers purchased crude stamped identification tags, sometimes with misleading information.

Franco-Prussian War

The Prussian Army issued identification tags for its troops at the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War in 1870. They were nicknamed Hundemarken (the German equivalent of "dog tags") and compared to a similar identification system instituted for dogs in the Prussian capital city of Berlin at about the same time.^[2]

First World War

One of the two identity discs issued by the South African Navy during WW2 with rank, surname, initials, force number and religious affiliation

The British Army and their Imperial forces in Canada, Australia and New Zealand issued identification tags from the beginning of the First World War. The tags were made of fibre, one in red and one in green, and suspended around the neck by butcher's twine. The same pattern was worn into the Second World War and the Korean War by Commonwealth forces.

The U.S. Army first authorized identification tags in War Department General Order No. 204, dated December 20, 1906, which essentially prescribes the Kennedy identification tag:

"An aluminum identification tag, the size of a silver half dollar and of suitable thickness, stamped with the name, rank, company, regiment, or corps of the wearer, will be worn by each officer and enlisted man of the Army whenever the field kit is worn, the tag to be suspended from the neck, underneath the clothing, by a cord or thong passed through a small hole in the tab. It is prescribed as a part of the uniform and when not worn as directed herein will be habitually kept in the possession of the owner. The tag will be issued by the Quartermaster's Department gratuitously to enlisted men and at cost price to officers..."

The Army changed regulations on July 6, 1916, so that all soldiers were issued two tags: one to stay with the body and the other to go to the person in charge of the burial for record-keeping purposes. In 1918, the Army adopted and allotted the serial number system, and name and serial numbers were ordered stamped on the identification tags of all enlisted troops. (Serial number 1 was assigned to enlisted man Arthur B. Crane of Chicago in the course of his fifth enlistment period.) In 1969, the Army began transitioning (servicemen were issued both a SSN and SN) to the Social Security number for personnel identification. Some nations (e.g., Germany) instead had a single tag with identical information stamped on both sides of it, which could easily be broken off for the purpose of record keeping.

World War II

There is a recurring myth about the notch situated in one end of the dog tags issued to United States Army personnel during World War II. It was rumored that the notch's purpose was that, if a soldier found one of his comrades on the battlefield, he could take one tag to the commanding officer and stick the other between the teeth of the soldier to ensure that the tag would remain with the body and be identified. In reality, the notch was designed to hold the tag in place when being imprinted on the carbon-paper medical form by the Model 70 Addressograph (a pistol-type imprinting machine used by the Medical Department during World War II).^[3] The purpose and use of the notch was verified by a Snopes article, in which Snopes consulted with US Army Mortuary Affairs.^[4]

As a side note, it appears instructions that would confirm the notch's mythical use were issued at least unofficially by the Graves Registration Service during the Vietnam War to Army troops headed overseas.^[5]

Following World War II, the US Navy Department adopted the dog tags used by the US Army and Air Force, so a single shape and size became the American standard.

Vietnam

In the Vietnam War, American soldiers were allowed to place rubber silencers on their dog tags so the enemy would not hear the metallic clanking. Others chose to tape the two tags together with black tape. Still others chose to wear one tag around the neck and the other tag on the lace of one boot. All three variations were commonly seen among U.S. troops.

Dog tags are traditionally part of the makeshift battlefield memorials soldiers created for their fallen comrades. The casualty's rifle with bayonet affixed is stood vertically atop the empty boots, with the helmet over the stock of the rifle. The dog tags hang from the rifle's handle or trigger guard.

Non-military use

Close-up of a teenager wearing custom-made dog tags

Dog tags have recently found their way into youth fashion by way of military chic. Originally worn as a part of a military uniform by youth wishing to present a tough or militaristic image, dog tags have since seeped out into wider fashion circles. They may be inscribed with a person's details, their beliefs or tastes, a favorite quote, or may bear the name or logo of a band or performer. Some people also prefer to have the information on their tags transferred to a smaller, sometimes golden or silver tag by a jeweler, as the original tag can be considered too large and bulky by some. Some are also used for health problems, such as heart problems or epilepsy.

Fashion

Since the late 1990s, custom dog tags have become fashionable amongst musicians (particularly rappers), and as a marketing giveaway item. Numerous companies offer customers the opportunity to create their own personalized dog tags with their own photos, logos, and text. Even high end jewelers such as Cartier and Tiffany have featured gold and silver dog tags encrusted with diamonds and other jewels.

National variations

Argentina

Argentinian ID tags are long, rectangular metal pieces with oval ends. Four lines of information are required:

• Family Name and First Name
• 8-digit DNI Number
• GS (blood group, e.g., G.S O RH +)
• Military class (e.g., F.W CS-10-81)

Austria

The Austrian "Bundesheer" utilized a single long, rectangular tag with oval ends, stamped with blood group & Rh factor at the end, with ID number underneath. Two slots & a hole stamped beneath the number allow the tag to be broken in half, and the long bottom portion has both the ID number and a series of holes which allows the tag to be inserted into a dosimeter. This has been replaced with a more conventional, wider & rounded rectangle which can still be halved, but lacks the dosimeter reading holes.

Australia

The Australian Defence Force issues soldiers two tags of different shapes: Number 1 Tag (the octagonal shaped disc) and Number 2 Tag (the circular disc). The format is as follows:

• AS [denoting Australia]
• PMKeyS Number [The Australian Defence Force stopped issuing service numbers to members. Some older members also have a service number.]
• Initial
• Last Name
• Religious Preference [RC - Roman Catholic, ANG - Anglican, ]
• Blood Group

Example:

• AS
• 8549302
• D
• SMITH
• RC
• A POS

The information is printed exactly the same on both discs. In the event of a casualty, the circular tag is removed from the body and the octagonal tag is placed inside the dead soldier’s mouth, between the teeth and lips.

Belgium

Belgian Forces identity tags are, like the Canadian and Norwegian, designed to be broken in two in case of fatality; the lower half is returned to Belgian Defence Headquarters, while the upper half remains on the body. The tags contain the following information:

• Upper half:
  • Belgisch Leger (Belgian Army)
  • Service number
  • Surname
  • Gender
  • Date of birth
  • Religion and blood group with RH factor

• Lower half: identical.

Canada

Canadian Forces ID Disk. Name, rank, and service number are redacted.

Canadian Forces identity discs (abbreviated "I discs") are designed to be broken in two in the case of fatality; the lower half is returned to National Defence Headquarters with the member's personal documents, while the upper half remains on the body. The tags contain the following information:^[6]

• Upper half:
  • Service Number (SN)
  • Initials and surname
  • Religion (or "NRE" if none) and blood group with RH factor
  • The legend "CDN FORCES CDN" (or for foreign nationals, the name of the country the individual represents)
  • The text "DO NOT REMOVE / NE PAS ENLEVER" on the reverse
• Lower half: identical, except it does not contain the blood type, and the reverse is blank.

Before the Service Number was introduced in the 1990s, military personnel were identified on the I discs (as well as other documents) by their Social Insurance Number. File:İȲÀŃ ŠÁÝĬ

Colombia

The "Ejército Nacional de Colombia" uses long, rectangular metal tags with oval ends tags stamped with the following information:

• Family Name
• First Name
• Military ID Number
• Blood Type
• Branch of Service

Duplicate tags are issued. Often, tags are issued with a prayer inscribed on the reverse.

Cyprus

In Cyprus, identification tags include the following information:

• Surname
• First name
• Service number (E.g., 11111/00/00B, where the first five digits are the ID, the second two are the year the soldier turned 18 years old, the last two digits are the year the soldier enlisted, and the letter is the enlistment group, either A or B)
• Blood Group

Denmark

Danish dog tags are a small metallic plate, designed to be broken in two. The information on the tag is:

• Personal identification number
• Surname
• First name

On the right hand side of the tag it says Danmark, the Danish word for "Denmark".

East Germany

The Nationale Volksarmee used a tag nearly identical with that used by both the Wehrmacht and the (West) German Bundeswehr. The oval aluminum tag was stamped "DDR" (Deutsche Demokratische Republik) above the personal ID number; this information was repeated on the bottom half, which was intended to be broken off in case of death. Oddly, the tag was not worn, but required to be kept in a plastic sleeve in the back of the WDA identity booklet.

Ecuador

The "Placas de identificación de campaña" consists of 2 long, rectangular steel or aluminum tags with rounded corners and a single hole punched in one end. It is suspended by a US-type ball chain, with a shorter chain for the second tag. The information on the tag is:

• Family Name & First Name
• Identification Number
• Blood Group, plus "RH" and "+" or "-"

Finland

Blank Finnish dog tag

Finnish dog tags are also designed to be broken in two; however, the only text on it is the personal identification number and the letters SF, which stands for Suomi Finland, within a tower stamped atop of the upper half.

France

France issues either a metallic rounded rectangle (Army) or disk (Navy), designed to be broken in half, bearing Family Name & First Name above the ID number.

Germany

Frontside of a German ID tag from 1961

German Bundeswehr ID tags are a oval-shaped discs designed to be broken in half. The two sides contain different informations which are mirrored upside-down on the lower half of the ID tag. They feature the following information on segmented and numbered fields:

On the frontside

• Field 1: blank
• Field 2: DEU (for Deutschland)(GE (for Germany) only on older ID tags)
• Field 3: Religious preference (usually "rk" for Roman Catholic, or "ev" for Protestant)
• Field 4: Personenkennziffer (service number: birth date in DDMMYY format, dash, capitalized first letter of last name, dash, and five-digit number based on soldier's home military administrative district, number of persons with the mentioned last name and same birthday, and an error-checking number but without dashes), ex. 101281-S-455(-)6(-)8

On the backside

• Field 5: Blood group (ABO)
• Field 6: Rhesus factor
• Field 7: Vaccination status
• Fields 8 - 10: blank

Greece

In Greece, identification tags include the following information:

• Surname
• First name
• Service number (where date of birth is included as "class")
• Blood Group

Hungary

The Hungarian army dog tag is made out of steel, forming a 25×35 mm tag designed to split diagonally. Both sides contain the same information: the soldier's personal identity code, blood group and the word HUNGARIA. Some may not have the blood group on them. These are only issued to soldiers who are serving outside of the country. If the soldier should die, one side is removed and kept for the army's official records, while the other side is left attached to the body.

Iraq

The Saddam-era Iraqi Army utilized a single, long, rectangular metal tag with oval ends, inscribed (usually by hand) with Name and Number or Unit, and occasionally Blood Type.

Israel

Israeli dog tags are designed to be broken in two. The information appears in three lines (twice):

• Army identification number ("mispar ishi", literally: personal number. A seven-digit number that is different from the nine-digit identification number for citizens).
• Last name
• First Name

In case of capture, Israeli soldiers are instructed to provide the information that appears on the dog tag and their rank only. Another dog tag is kept inside the military boot in order to identify dead soldiers.

Originally the IDF issued two circular aluminum tags (1948 - late 1950s) stamped in 3 lines with Serial number, Family Name, and First Name. The tags were threaded together through a single hole onto a cord worn around the neck.

Malaysia

Malaysian Armed Forces have two identical oval tags with this information:

• A 12-digit number (The last digit is an odd number for a male soldier, while an even number is given for a female soldier.)
• Service number
• Full name
• Blood type
• Religion
• Branch (e.g., TLDM)

If more information needed, another two oval wrist tags are provided. The term wrist tags can be used to refer to the bracelet-like wristwatch. The additional tags only need to be worn on the wrist, with the main tags still on the neck. All personnel are allowed to attach a small religious pendant or locket; this makes a quick identifiable reference for their funeral services.

Mexico

The Ejército de Mexico uses a single long, rectangular metal tag with oval ends, embossed with Name, serial number, and blood type plus Rh factor.

Netherlands

Military of the Netherlands identity tags, like the Canadian and Norwegian ones, are designed to be broken in two in case of a fatality; the lower end is returned to Dutch Defence Headquarters, while the upper half remains on the body. There is a difference in the Army and Airforce service number and the Navy service number:

• Army number is made up of the date of birth in YY.MM.DD. format, for example 83.01.15, and a three-digit number, such as 123.
• Navy number is made up out of random five- or six-digit numbers.

The tags contain the following information:

• Upper half:
  • Name and family name
  • Service number
  • Nationality (NL) and religion
  • Blood group with RH factor

• Lower half: identical.

Norway

Norwegian dog tags are designed to be broken in two like the Canadian version:

• The top half contains the nationality, the eleven-digit birth number and the blood type.
• The bottom half contains the nationality and birth number and has a hole so the broken-off half can be hung on a ring.

Poland

The first dog tags were issued in Poland following the order of the General Staff of December 12, 1920. The earliest design (dubbed kapala in Polish, more properly called "kapsel legitymacyjny" or "ID cap") consisted of a tin-made 30×50 mm rectangular frame and a rectangular cap fitting into the frame. Soldiers' details were filled in a small ID card placed inside the frame, as well as on the inside of the frame itself. The dog tag was similar to the tags used by the Austro-Hungarian Army during World War I. In case the soldier died, the frame was left with his body, while the lid was returned to his unit together with a note on his death. The ID card was handed over to the chaplain or the rabbi.

In 1928, a new type of dog tag was proposed by gen. bryg. Stanisław Rouppert, Poland's representative at the International Red Cross. It was slightly modified and adopted in 1931 under the name of Nieśmiertelnik wz. 1931 (literally, Immortalizer mark 1931). The new design consisted of an oval piece of metal (ideally steel, but in most cases aluminium alloy was used), roughly 40 by 50 milimetres. There were two notches on both sides of the tag, as well as two rectangular holes in the middle to allow for easier breaking of the tag in two halves. The halves contained the same set of data and were identical, except the upper half had two holes for a string or twine to go through. The data stamped on the dog tag included:

• Obverse
  • Name
  • Surname
  • Optionally: abbreviation of soldiers' religion (KAT for Roman Catholics, GR-KAT for Greek Catholics, PRAW for Orthodox, MOJ for Jewish, AUG for Lutherans, ANG for Anglicans and MAH for Muslims)
• Reverse
  • Soldiers' ID card number and first letter of the powiat the soldier came from
  • Name of the Recruitment Commission (usually name of the town or city the soldier was attached to)
  • Year of birth

Sometimes the rank of the soldier was added to the reverse, and most members of the medical corps had a tiny cross stamped near the string holes, regardless of their religion.

Rhodesia

The former Republic of Rhodesia used two WW2 British-style compressed asbestos fiber tags, a No. 1 octagonal (green) tag and a No. 2 circular (red) tag, stamped with identical information. The red tag was supposedly fireproof and the green tag rotproof. The following information was stamped on the tags: Number, Name, Initials, & Religion; Blood Type was stamped on reverse. The Air Force & BSAP often stamped their service on the reverse side above the blood group.

Many soldiers state they were issued blank tags and told to punch the information in themselves.

ĬŸáń ŝáýĭ

Singapore

The Singapore Armed Forces-issued dog tags are inscribed (not embossed) with up to four items:

• NRIC number
• Blood type
• Religion
• Drug allergies (if any; inscribed on the reverse)

The dog tags consist of two metal pieces, one oval with two holes and one round with one hole. A synthetic lanyard is threaded through both holes in the oval piece and tied around the wearer's neck. The round piece is tied to the main loop on a shorter loop.

When a soldier is killed in action, the round piece is removed by cutting the short loop with a bayonet, while the oval piece remains with the body.

South Africa

The former South African Defense Force used two long, rectangular aluminum tags with oval ends, stamped with Serial Number, Name and Initials, and Religion.

South Korea

The South Korean army issues two long, rectangular tags with oval ends, stamped (in Korean letters) with "Ryuk Gun" ("Army") above personal number, with name below that and blood group at bottom.

Spain

Issues a single metal oval, worn vertically, stamped "ESPAÑA" above and below the 3-slot horizontal break line. It is stamped in 4 lines with:

• 1st line - Religion
• 2nd line - left side = blood group, right side = any medical allergies (SI or NO)
• 3rd line - military service (ET, EA ...)
• 4th (longest) line = DNI military number.

All information is repeated on the bottom half of the tag, which is to be broken off and returned to the unit in case of death or injury in combat.

Sweden

Swedish civilian dog tag (1970s)

Swedish dog tags are designed to be able to break apart. The information on them is:

• Personal identity number (twice, once in the upper part and once below)
• Full name
• Place of birth
• Blood type (only on some)

During the Cold War dog tags were issued to everyone, often soon after birth, since the threat of total war also meant the risk of severe civilian casualties. However in the late 90s the Swedish government decided that the dog tags were not needed any more, most probably because of the Cold War had ended.

The blood type is generally not stamped on the dog tags as it may change (rare) and that, in combat situations, they give standard blood (type 0) and, in hospitals, it is easier to check the blood than the tag. ∭

Switzerland

Swiss Armed Forces ID tags are oval-shaped and are designed to be broken in two. In case of fatality, the tag will be completely removed. They contain the following information:

• Social insurance number
• Surname
• First name
• Date of birth in DD.MM.YY format

United Kingdom

The UK Armed Forces utilize two circular stainless steel tags embossed with the "Big 6": Blood Group; Service Number; Surname; Initials; 2-letter Religious code (e.g. CE for Church of England, RC for Catholic, OD for Other Denomination, etc.); & Force (e.g. RN, Army, or RAF). One tag is suspended 6 inches (150 mm) below main tag.

United States

US Armed Forces typically carry two identical oval tags containing:

U.S. Air Force Format 1:^[7]

• Surname, first name, middle initial
• Social Security number, followed by "AF" indicating branch of service
• Blood Group
• "blank"
• Religion

U.S. Air Force Format 2:^[7]

• Surname
• First name and middle initial
• Social Security number, followed by "AF" indicating branch of service
• Blood Group
• Religion

U.S. Marine Corps:

• Surname
• First and middle initials, blood group
• Social Security number with no dashes and no spaces
• Branch ("USMC"), Gas mask size (S-small, M-medium, L-large)
• Religious preference , or medical allergy if red medical tag

U.S. Navy:

• Surname, first name, middle initial
• Social Security number with no dashes or spaces followed immediately by "USN", space, blood group
• "blank"
• Religion

U.S. Army:

• Surname
• First name, middle initial
• Social Security number
• Blood type
• Religion

U.S. Coast Guard:

• Surname, first name, middle initial
• Social Security number, no dashes or spaces, followed immediately by branch (i.e., 123456789 USCG)
• Blood group
• "blank"
• Religion

Recently,^[when?] the U.S. Army stopped using the term dog tags, replacing it with ID tags.

A persistent rumor is that debossed (imprinted with stamped in letters) dog tags were issued from World War II till the end of the Vietnam War and that currently the U.S. military is issuing embossed (imprinted with raised letters) dog tags. In actuality, the U.S. military issues dog tags with both types of imprinting, depending on the machine used at a given facility. The military issued 95% of their identification tags up until recently (within the past 10 years) with debossed text.^{[citation needed]}

Religious designation

During World War II, a dog tag could indicate only one of three religions through the inclusion of one letter: "P" for Protestant, "C" for Catholic, or "H" for Jewish (from the word, "Hebrew"),^[8] or (according to at least one source) "NO" to indicate no religious preference.^[9] Army regulations (606-5) soon included X and Y in addition to P,C, and H: the X indicating any religion not included in the first three, and the Y indicating either no religion or a choice not to list religion.^[10] By the time of the Vietnam War, IDs spelled out the broad religious choices such as PROTESTANT and CATHOLIC, rather than using initials, and also began to show individual denominations such as "METHODIST" or "BAPTIST."^[11] Tags did vary by service, however, such as the use of "CATH," not "CATHOLIC" on some Navy tags. For those with no religious affiliation and those who chose not to list an affiliation, either the space for religion was left blank or the words "NO PREFERENCE" or "NO RELIGIOUS PREF" were included.^[11]

Ironically, although the ID tags include religion as a way of ensuring that religious needs will be met, some personnel have them reissued without religious affiliation listed -- or keep two sets, one with the designation and one without -- out of fear that identification as a member of a particular religion could increase the danger to their welfare or their lives if they fell into enemy hands. Some Jewish personnel avoided flying over German lines during WWII with ID tags that indicated their religion, and some Jewish personnel avoid the religious designation today out of concern that they could be captured by extremists who are anti-semitic.^[12][9] Additionally, when American troops were first sent to Saudi Arabia during the Gulf War there were allegations that some U.S. military authorities were pressuring Jewish military personnel to avoid listing their religions on their ID tags.^[13]

US military ID tag ball chain specifications and lore

Standard US military dog tags are issued with one 2.5 mm, 24-inch neck chain and one 2.5 mm, 4-inch duplicate chain. The secondary chain and duplicate tag are recovered if needed. The primary chain and tag remain with the soldier at all times.

Ball chain may be upgraded to 3 mm diameter by individual soldiers. Chains smaller than 2.5 mm and larger than 3 mm are not generally authorized due to the risk of breakage/loss or inability to recover the duplicate tag from larger chains.

Dog tag ball chains were once thought to have been clipped to length to help captured soldiers count time in the event they were captured. The large chain was counted to 365 ball links, and the small chain was counted to 52 ball links. A soldier could then bite or break off one link from the large chain each day and remove one link from the small chain each week. This accounted for one year of time before the cycle consumed the chain completely. No verified comparison between the standard 24" and 4" chain lengths and number of "beads" per length has been performed. The typical length of 365/52 however, is adequate for mounting and wearing standard I.D. tags. This however is not true as a U.S. Air Force 210 bead chain is 27.5" long (which hangs in the middle of ones chest). A 365 bead chain is approximately 47.25", which hangs down too far on the average person.

Vietnam

The former Army of the Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam) used two US-style ID tags, in either stainless steel or aluminum, stamped or inscribed with:

• Name
• SQ (So Quân, e.g., Service number) a 2-digit year number, followed by a military serial number
• LM (loai máu, e.g., Blood Group, no rH factor)

Some tags added religion, e.g., Công Giáo for Catholic

Notes

1. ^ U.S. Soldiers "tagged" for blood transfusion, Popular Science, February 1942, p71, Scanned by Google Books: http://books.google.com/books?id=pScDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA71-IA1
2. ^ Law, Clive M. Article in Military Artifact, Service Publications
3. ^ [1], retrieved 22 December 2009
4. ^ Barbara Mikkelson. "Notch for the Faint Hearted", Snopes.com, 2 August 2007, retrieved 12 September 2007
5. ^ Col. David G. Fitz-Enz (Ret.): Why A Soldier? A Signal Corpsman's Tour from Vietnam to the Moscow Hotline, page 166. Ballantine, 2000. ISBN 0-8041-1938-4
6. ^ Canadian Forces Administrative Order 26-4 - Identity Discs Canadian Forces Finance & Corporate Services website
7. ^ ^{a b} "AFI 36-3103". 1 May 1997. http://www.e-publishing.af.mil/shared/media/epubs/AFI36-3103.pdf. 
8. ^ www.history.navy.mil, retrieved May 30, 2011.
9. ^ ^{a b} www.blitzkriegbaby.de, retrieved May 30, 2011.
10. ^ Non-commissioned officers guide, 4th edition, pg. 212.
11. ^ ^{a b} www.mooremilitaria.com, retrieved May 30, 2011.
12. ^ www.jewishjournal.com, retrieved May 30, 2011.
13. ^ www.ajcarchives, pages 178-179, retrieved May 30, 2011.

External links

• "A Battlefield Souvenir?" - The Story of a Union Identity Disk in the Civil War´
• Captain Richard W. Wooley. "A Short History of Identification Tags". Quartermaster Professional Bulletin, December, 1988. Retrieved 12 September 2007.
• A guide for Reenactors and Collectors
• Paths of Glory Identity Tags 1914-18
• Paths of Glory Identity Tags 1939-45
• Dogtag Image Generator: Create Free Custom Dogtag Images