Manukau Harbour

Location of Manukau Harbour.

The Manukau Harbour Heads in 1960. The area in the foreground has since naturally filled with sand past the rock to the right of the photo.

Manukau Harbour is the second largest natural harbour in New Zealand by area.^[1] It is located to the southwest of the Auckland isthmus, and is an arm of the Tasman Sea.

Geography

The harbour mouth is between the northern head ("Burnett Head" / "Ohaka Head") located at the southern end of the Waitakere Ranges and South Head at the end of the long Awhitu Peninsula reaching up from close to the mouth of the Waikato River. The mouth is only 1800 metres wide, but after a nine kilometre channel it opens up into a roughly square basin 20 kilometres in width. The harbour has a water surface area of 394 square kilometres. There is a tidal variation of up to 4 metres, a very substantial change, especially since the harbour, being silted up with almost 10 million years of sedimentation, is rather shallow itself.^[2]

Because of the large harbour area and narrow mouth between the Manukau Heads, tidal flow is rapid and a bar at the mouth makes navigating in or out of the harbour dangerous. New Zealand's most tragic shipwreck occurred on the bar in 1863 when HMS Orpheus ran aground in clear weather with a loss of 189 lives. For this reason, along with the harbour's shallowness, it is not Auckland's favoured port, and the facilities at Onehunga are not very large compared to the other Ports of Auckland facilities on the Waitemata Harbour on the northeast of the isthmus.

The harbour has three main arms. The Mangere Inlet at the northeast lies close to Auckland's central city area, with the inner suburbs of Onehunga and Te Papapa situated close to its northern shore. The Otahuhu and Mangere urban areas lie south of this arm, which is crossed by the Mangere Bridge. In the southeast is the Papakura Channel, which extends into the urban area of Papakura. In the southwest a further inlet known as the Waiuku River reaches south to the town of Waiuku. Auckland Airport is located close to the harbour's eastern shore.

History

The harbour was an important historical waterway for the Māori. It had several portages to the Pacific Ocean and to the Waikato River, and various villages and pā (hill forts) clustered around it. Snapper, flounder, mullet, scallops, cockles and pipi provided food in plentiful amounts.^[3]

Cornwallis, beside the Puponga Peninsula, was the first site for the future city of Auckland. However because of fraudulent land sales and rugged conditions, the settlement was abandoned in the 1840s. The surrounding bush clad hills had vast amounts of kauri removed for milling and shipped from a wharf on Paratutai to either the other end of the harbour at Onehunga for use in house building in the new city of Auckland, or along the coast to other New Zealand settlements. The last mills were abandoned in the early 1920s.^{[citation needed]}

European settlement of the area was thus almost often an outgrowth of the Waitemata Harbour-centred settlement, as these settlers spread south and west through the isthmus and reached the Manukau Harbour. One of the few separate earlier European settlements was Onehunga, from where some raiding of enemy settlements occurred during the New Zealand wars, and which later became a landing point for kauri and other products landed by ship and canoe from the south, the shipping route being shorter than the one along the east coast to the Waitemata Harbour.^[4] However, the combination of the difficult entry into the harbour, which limited ships to about 1,000 tons maximum,^[4] and the extension of the railway to Onehunga in 1873 made naval traffic on the harbour less important again, though the Port of Onehunga can trace its origins to this time.^[5]

Construction of a canal between the Manukau and the Waitemata was considered in the early 1900s, and the Auckland and Manukau Canal Act 1908 was passed to allow authorities to take privately owned land for this purpose. However, no serious work (or land take) was undertaken. The act is technically still in force as of 2008.^[6]

Recreation

The harbour is popular for fishing, though entry to the water is difficult with few all-tide boat ramps; often local beaches are used.

References

1. ^ Cromarty, P. & Scott, D.A., ed (1995). A Directory of Wetlands in New Zealand. Wellington: Department of Conservation. p. 25. ISBN 0-478-01776-6. http://www.doc.govt.nz/upload/documents/science-and-technical/nzwetlands02.pdf. 
2. ^ Manukau Harbour - Formation (from Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2008-01-10.)
3. ^ Manukau Harbour - Origin of the Name (from Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2008-01-10.)
4. ^ ^{a b} "Auckland: Soldiers of fortune". The New Zealand Herald. 26 August 2010. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/panmure/news/article.cfm?l_id=356&objectid=10667027. Retrieved 5 February 2011. 
5. ^ Manukau Harbour - European Settlement (from Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 2008-01-10.)
6. ^ Andrew Koubaridis and Craig Borley (31 May 2008). "Weird old laws can still trap the unwary". The New Zealand Herald. http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10513619. Retrieved 19 October 2011. 

Coordinates: 37°00′S 174°40′E / 37°S 174.667°E / -37; 174.667