Coucal

Coucals
Lesser Coucal
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Cuculiformes
Family:	Cuculidae
Subfamily:	Centropodinae Horsfield, 1823
Genus:	Centropus Illiger, 1811[1]
Species
c.30, see text

Greater Coucal Centropus sinensis in Hyderabad, India.

A coucal is one of about 30 species of birds in the cuckoo family. All of them belong in the subfamily Centropodinae and the genus Centropus. Unlike many Old World cuckoos, coucals are not brood parasites. On the other hand they do have their own reproductive peculiarity: all members of the genus are to varying degrees sex-role reversed so that the smaller male provides most of the parental care. At least one coucal species, the Black Coucal, is polyandrous.^[2] Some species (Centropus phasianinus) have the male investing more in incubation and parental care.^[3] Recent DNA evidence^{[citation needed]} suggests that they should be raised to family status, as Centropodidae.

Description

Many coucals have a long claw on their hind toe (hallux). The genus name from Greek kentron, a spike and pous for foot describe this hallux claw. The feet have minute spurs and this is responsible for the German term for coucals Sporenkuckucke. The common name is perhaps derived from the French coucou and alouette (for the long lark like claw).^[4] (Cuvier, in Newton 1896) The length of the claw can be about 68-76% of the tarsus length in the African Black Coucal C. grillii and Lesser Coucal C. bengalensis. Only the Short-toed Coucal C. rectunguis is an exception with the hallux claw of only 23% of the tarsus length. Thread like feather structures (elongated sheaths of the growing feathers that are sometimes termed trichoptiles^[5][6]) are found on the head and neck of hatchlings and can be as long as 20mm. Nestlings can look spiny.^[7] Many are opportunistic predators, Centropus phasianus is known to attack birds caught in mist nets^[8] while White-browed Coucals Centropus superciliosus are attracted to smoke from grass fires where they forage for insects and small mammals escaping from the fire.^[7]

Coucals generally make nests inside dense vegetation and they usually have the top covered but some species have the top open. Pheasant Coucal Centropus phasianinus, Greater Coucal C. sinensis and Madagascar Coucal C. toulou sometimes build an open nest while some species always build open nests (the Bay Coucal C. celebensis)^[7]

Some coucal species have been seen to fly while carrying their young.^[9]

Species

• Andaman Coucal or Brown Coucal, Centropus andamanensis
• Gabon Coucal, Centropus anselli
• White-necked Coucal or Pied Coucal, Centropus ateralbus
• Lesser Coucal, Centropus bengalensis
• Burchell's Coucal, Centropus burchelli
• Black-billed Coucal or Lesser Black Coucal, Centropus bernsteini
• Green-billed Coucal, Centropus chlororhynchos
• Bay Coucal, Centropus celebensis
• Biak Coucal, Centropus chalybeus
• Centropus colossus (Extinct, known from the quaternary Green Waterhole Cave, Tantanoola, South Australia)
• Coppery-tailed Coucal, Centropus cupreicaudus
• Goliath Coucal, Centropus goliath
• Black Coucal, Centropus grillii
• Black-throated Coucal, Centropus leucogaster
• Black-faced Coucal, Centropus melanops
• Ivory-billed Coucal or Greater Black Coucal, Centropus menbeki
• Buff-headed Coucal, Centropus milo
• Blue-headed Coucal, Centropus monachus
• Sunda Coucal, Centropus nigrorufus
• Pheasant Coucal, Centropus phasianinus
  • Timor Pheasant Coucal, Centropus phasianinus mui - extinct? (late 20th century?)
• Short-toed Coucal, Centropus rectunguis
• Senegal Coucal, Centropus senegalensis
• Greater Coucal, Centropus sinensis
  • Centropus parroti (?^[10])
• Kai Coucal, Centropus spilopterus
• Black-hooded Coucal, Centropus steerii
• White-browed Coucal, Centropus superciliosus
• Malagasy Coucal or Madagascar Coucal, Centropus toulou
  • Assumption Island Coucal, Centropus toulou assumptionis - doubtfully distinct; extinct (c.1920s)
• Rufous Coucal, Centropus unirufus
• Violaceous Coucal, Centropus violaceus
• Philippine Coucal, Centropus viridis

References

1. ^ Prodromus systematis mammalium et avium, p. 205.
2. ^ Andersson, Malte (1995). "Evolution of reversed sex roles, sexual size dimorphism, and mating system in coucals (Centropodidae, Aves)" (Abstract). Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 54 (2): 173–181. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1995.tb01030.x. http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/119239176/abstract?CRETRY=1&SRETRY=0. 
3. ^ Maurer, G. (2008). "Who Cares? Males Provide Most Parental Care in a Monogamous Nesting Cuckoo". Ethology 114 (6): 540–547. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.2008.01498.x. 
4. ^ Newton, A. (1896). A dictionary of birds. Adam and Charles Black, London.
5. ^ Shelford, R (1900). "On the pterylosis of the embryos and nestlings of Centropus sinensis". Ibis 6: 654–667. 
6. ^ Hindwood, KA (1942). "Nestling Coucal" (PDF). The Emu 42 (1): 52. doi:10.1071/MU942050c. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=MU942050.pdf. 
7. ^ ^{a b c} Payne, RB (2005) The Cuckoos. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198502133
8. ^ Hicks, R.K. and R. Restall (1992). "Pheasant coucal Centropus phasianus attacking birds caught in a mist net". Muruk 5: 143. 
9. ^ Bell, H.L. 1984. Carrying of young in flight by Coucals Centropus spp. Australian Bird Watcher 10: 171
10. ^ Rasmussen PC & JC Anderton 2005. Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Smithsonian Institution & Lynx Edicions