- Animantarx
Taxobox|
name = "Animantarx"
fossil_range =Early Cretaceous
regnum =Animal ia
phylum =Chordata
classis =Sauropsida
superordo =Dinosauria
ordo =Ornithischia
subordo =Thyreophora
superfamilia =Ankylosauria
familia =Nodosauridae
genus = "Animantarx"
species = "A. ramaljonesi"
binomial = "Animantarx ramaljonesi"
binomial_authority = Carpenter "et al.", 1999"Animantarx" (pronEng|ˌænɨˈmæntɑrks AN-i-MAN-tahrks; "living citadel") is a
genus ofnodosaurid ankylosauria ndinosaur from the UpperCretaceous of westernNorth America . Like other nodosaurs, it would have been a slow-movingquadruped alherbivore covered in heavy armorscute s, but without a tail club. Theskull measures approximately 10 inches (25cm) in length, suggesting the animal as a whole was no more than 10 feet (3 meters) long.The generic name is composed of the
Latin words "animatus" ("living" or "animated") and "arx" ("fortress" or "citadel"), referring to its armored nature. In particular, the name is a reference to a comment made bypaleontologist R. S. Lull about ankylosaurs, that as "an animated citadel, these animals must have been practically unassailable..." [Lull, R.S. 1914. Rulers of the Mesozoic. "Yale Review" 3: 352-363.] Thetype species is the only one known so far, and is called "A. ramaljonesi" after its discoverer, Ramal Jones. His wife, Carol Jones, also discovered the contemporaneous dinosaur "Eolambia " nearby.Discovery and species
Only one specimen of "Animantarx" has so far been recovered. The remains include the lower jaw and back half of the skull, along with neck and back
vertebra e, and various limb elements. "Animantarx" is characterized by a unique combination of features, including a highly domed skull back, small horns on thepostorbital andquadratojugal bones of the skull, and amandible which is only armoured on half of its length.These
fossil remains were discovered in the Mussentuchit Member of theCedar Mountain Formation in the eastern portion of theU.S. state ofUtah . This section of the formation is believed to represent the lateAlbian through earlyCenomanian stages of theLate Cretaceous Period, or about 106 to 97 million years ago. At least 80 othervertebrate species are known from the Mussentuchit, includingfish ,frog s,lizard s,snake s,crocodilia ns,dinosaur s,bird s, andmammal s, although not all are complete enough to name. Many dinosaur groups are represented by fossils from this member, including carnivoroustheropod s as well as several different herbivorous types, including theiguanodont "Eolambia". The presence of aquatic animals like fish and frogs, as well as themudstone in which their fossils are found, suggests that this was afloodplain environment.Kirkland, J.I., Britt, B., Burge, D.L., Carpenter, K., Cifelli, R., DeCourten, F., Eaton, J., Hasiotis, S., and Lawton, T. 1997. Lower to Middle Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of the Central Colorado Plateau: a key to understanding 35 million years of tectonics, sedimentology, evolution, and biogeography. "Brigham Young University Geology Studies" 42:69-103.]Earlier layers within the Cedar Mountain Formation contain different nodosaur species. The oldest layer, known as the Yellow Cat Member, contains "Gastonia", while the intermediate Poison Strip and Ruby Ranch Members contain remains which may belong to "
Sauropelta ". The Mussentuchit, which is the youngest member of the Cedar Mountain, contains only "Animantarx". While there is still a lot of exploration left to be done, this division of nodosaur species corresponds with that of other dinosaur groups and provides support for thehypothesis of three separatefauna s in the Cedar Mountain Formation. The Mussentuchit fauna includes many taxa which may be ofAsia n origin and suggests a dispersal event may have occurred from Asia into North America around this time.Kirkland, J.I., Britt, B., Burge, D.L., Carpenter, K., Cifelli, R., DeCourten, F., Eaton, J., Hasiotis, S., and Lawton, T. 1997. Lower to Middle Cretaceous dinosaur faunas of the Central Colorado Plateau: a key to understanding 35 million years of tectonics, sedimentology, evolution, and biogeography. "Brigham Young University Geology Studies" 42:69-103.] [Carpenter, K., Kirkland, J.I., Burge, D.L., & Bird, J. 1999. Ankylosaurs (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) of the Cedar Mountain Formation, Utah, and their stratigraphic distribution. In: Gillette, D. (Ed.) "Vertebrate Paleontology in Utah". "Utah Geological Survey Miscellaneous Publication 99-1". Pp. 243-251.]Fossils in this region are often slightly
radioactive , and remains of "Animantarx" were actually discovered following a radiological survey of the area performed by Ramal Jones, which located a higher level of radioactivity at a certain location. Subsequent excavation at this site turned up the fossil skeleton of "Animantarx"; no bones had been exposed on the surface. [Jones, R.D. & Burge, D.L. 1995. Radiological surveying as a method for mapping dinosaur bone sites. "Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology" 15: 38A.]Classification
"Animantarx" is universally thought of as a nodosaurid ankylosaur, although its precise relationships within that family are uncertain. The most recent
cladistic analysis of ankylosaur phylogeny does not include "Animantarx", although the authors recognize the genus as Nodosauridae "incertae sedis " because of its rounded supraorbital protrusions and a "knoblike"acromion on thescapula . [Vickaryous, M.K., Maryanska, T., & Weishampel, D.B. 2004. Ankylosauria. In: Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P., & Osmólska, H. (Eds.). "The Dinosauria" (2nd edition). Berkeley: University of California Press. Pp. 363-392.] Two separate studies have found "Animantarx" to be the sister taxon of "Edmontonia " within Nodosauridae. [Carpenter, K. 2001. Phylogenetic analysis of the Ankylosauria. In: Carpenter, K. (Ed.). "The Armored Dinosaurs". Bloomington: Indiana University Press. Pp. 454–483.] [Hill, R.V., Witmer, L.M., Norell, M.A. 2003. A New specimen of "Pinacosaurus grangeri" (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia: ontogeny and phylogeny of ankylosaurs. "American Museum Novitates" 3395: 1-29.]References
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