Green tea

For|the 2003 Chinese film|Green Tea (film)"

Green tea is a type of tea made solely with the leaves of" Camellia sinensis", that has undergone minimal oxidation during processing. Green tea originates from China and has become associated with many cultures in Asia from Japan to the Middle East. Recently, it has become more widespread in the West, where black tea is traditionally consumed. Many varieties of green tea have been created in countries where it is grown that can differ substantially due to variable growing conditions, processing and harvesting time. Over the last few decades green tea has begun to be subjected to many scientific and medical studies to determine the extent of its long-purported health benefits, with some evidence suggesting regular green tea drinkers may have lower chances of heart disease and developing certain types of cancer [cite web|url=http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2003/08/030805072109.htm|title=Green Tea’s Cancer-fighting Allure Becomes More Potent] . The tea has also been useful for weight loss management.

Chinese green teas

Zhejiang Province

Zhejiang is home to the most famous of all teas, Xi Hu Longjing, as well as many other high-quality green teas.
* 龙井 Longjing: The most well-known of famous Chinese teas from Hangzhou, its name in Chinese means "dragon well". It is pan-fried and has a distinctive flat appearance. Falsification of Longjing is very common, and most of the tea on the market is in fact produced in Sichuan ProvinceFact|date=August 2007 and hence not authentic Longjing.
* Hui Ming: Named after a temple in Zhejiang.
* Long Ding: A tea from Kaihua County known as "Dragon Mountain".
* Hua Ding: A tea from Tiantai County and named after a peak in the Tiantai mountain range.
* Qing Ding: A tea from Tian Mu, also known as "Green Top".
* Gunpowder: A popular tea also known as "zhuchá". It originated in Zhejiang but is now grown elsewhere in China.

Jiangsu Province

* 碧螺春 Bi Luo Chun: A Chinese famous tea also known as "Green Snail Spring", from Dong Ting. As with Longjing, falsification is common and most of the tea marketed under this name may, in fact, be grown in Sichuan.
* Rain Flower: A tea from Nanjing.
* Shui Xi Cui Bo:

Hubei Province

* Yu Lu: A steamed tea known as "Gyokuro (Jade Dew)" made in the Japanese style.

Henan Province

* 信阳毛尖 Xin Yang Mao Jian: A Chinese famous tea also known as "Green Tip," or "Tippy Green."

Jiangxi Province

* Chun Mee: Name means "precious eyebrows"; from Jiangxi, it is now grown elsewhere.
* Gou Gu Nao: A well-known tea within China and recipient of numerous national awards.
* Yun Wu: A tea also known as "Cloud and Mist".

Anhui Province

Anhui Province is home to several varieties of tea, including three Chinese famous teas. These are:
* 大方 Da Fang: A tea from Mount Huangshan also known as "Big Square".
* 黄山毛峰 Huangshan Maofeng: A Chinese famous tea from Mount Huang.
* 六安瓜片 Lu'An Guapian: A Chinese famous tea also known as "Melon Seed".
* 猴魁 Hou Kui: A Chinese famous tea also known as "Monkey tea".
* 屯绿 Tun Lu: A tea from Tunxi District.
* 火青 Huo Qing: A tea from Jing County, also known as "Fire Green".
* Hyson: A medium-quality tea from many provinces, an early-harvested tea.

Japanese green teas

Green tea ( _jp. 緑茶; "ryokucha") is so ubiquitous in Japan that it is more commonly known simply as "tea" ( _jp. お茶; "ocha") and even as "Japanese tea" ( _jp. 日本茶; "nihoncha")，although it was first used in China during the Song Dynasty, and brought to Japan by Myōan Eisai, a Japanese Buddhist priest who also introduced the Rinzai school of Zen Buddhism. Types of tea are commonly graded depending on the quality and the parts of the plant used as well as how they are processed. There are large variations in both price and quality within these broad categories, and there are many specialty green teas that fall outside this spectrum. The best Japanese green tea is said to be that from the Yame region of Fukuoka Prefecture and the Uji region of Kyoto. Shizuoka Prefecture（静岡県) crops 40% of raw tea leaf.

; 番茶 Bancha ("common tea"): "Sencha" harvested as a third or fourth flush tea between summer and autumn. Aki-Bancha (autumn Bancha) is not made from entire leaves, but from the trimmed unnecessary twigs of the tea plant.

; 玄米茶 Genmaicha ("brown-rice tea"): "Bancha" (sometimes Sencha) and roasted "genmai" (brown rice) blend. It is often mixed with a small amount of Matcha to make the color better.

; 玉露 Gyokuro ("Jade Dew"): The highest grade Japanese green tea cultivated in special way. Gyokuro's name refers to the pale green color of the infusion. The leaves are grown in the shade before harvest, which alters their flavor. Gyokuro has a high caffeine content (Generally 0.16% in infusion [http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/shingi/gijyutu/gijyutu3/toushin/05031802/002/016.pdf] ), but the significant L-Theanine content of Gyokuro slows down and counteracts the caffeine assimilation, and also the amount ingested is very small (Generally 10ml - 60ml).

; 焙じ茶 Hōjicha ("roasted tea"): A green tea roasted over charcoal.

; 冠茶 Kabusecha ("covered tea"): "Kabusecha" is sencha tea, the leaves of which have grown in the shade prior to harvest, although not for as long as Gyokuro. It has a more delicate flavor than Sencha.

; 窯煎茶 Kamairicha tea ("pan-fried tea"): "Kamairicha" is a pan fried green tea that does not undergo the usual steam treatments of Japanese tea and does not have the characteristic bitter taste of most Japanese tea.

; 茎茶 Kukicha ("stalk tea"): A tea made from stalks produced by harvesting one bud and three leaves.

; 抹茶 Matcha ("rubbed tea"): A fine ground tea (碾茶 Ten-cha). It has a very similar cultivation process as Gyokuro. It is used primarily in the tea ceremony. Matcha is also a popular flavor of ice cream and other sweets in Japan.

; 芽茶 Mecha tea ("buds and tips tea"): "Mecha" is green tea derived from a collection of leaf buds and tips of the early crops. Mecha is harvested in spring and made as rolled leaf teas that are graded somewhere between Gyokuro and Sencha in quality.

; 麦茶 Mugicha ("roasted barley tea"): "Mugicha" is a roasted barley tea. It is generally regarded as a cooling summer beverage in Japan.

; 煎茶 Sencha ("broiled tea"): The first and second flush of green tea, which is the most common green tea in Japan made from leaves that are exposed directly to sunlight. The first flush is also called "shincha" (新茶: a new tea).

; 玉緑茶 Tamaryokucha: A tea that has a tangy, berry-like taste, with a long almondy aftertaste and a deep aroma with tones of citrus, grass, and berries.

Other green teas

* Green Tea from Ceylon
* Kahwah

Brewing

Generally, 2.25 grams of tea per 5 ounces of water, or about one teaspoon of green tea per cup, should be used. With very high quality teas like gyokuro, more than this amount of leaf is used, and the leaf is steeped multiple times for short durations.

Green tea brewing time and temperature varies with individual teas. The hottest brewing temperatures are 180°F to 190°F (81°C to 87°C) water and the longest steeping times 2 to 3 minutes. The coolest brewing temperatures are 140°F to 150°F (61°C to 65°C) and the shortest times about 30 seconds. In general, lower quality green teas are steeped hotter and longer, while higher quality teas are steeped cooler and shorter. Steeping green tea too hot or too long will result in a bitter, astringent brew for low quality leaves. High quality green teas can be and usually are steeped multiple times; 2 or 3 steepings is typical. The brewing technique also plays a very important role to avoid the tea develop an overcooked taste.

Caffeine

Green teas have about a third the caffeine content, by liquid volume, of coffee. [cite web|url=http://www.celestialseasonings.com/products/caffeine.html/authentic-green-tea|title=Celestial Seasonings Caffeine Chart|accessdate=2008-05-22] Green teas contain two caffeine metabolites (caffeine-like substances): theophylline, which is stronger than caffeine, and theobromine, which is slightly weaker than caffeine.Fact|date=May 2008

Potential effects of green tea on health

Green tea consumption is reportedly associated with various health-promoting properties. For example, it has been shown to promote fat oxidation in humans at rest and to prevent obesity and improve insulin sensitivity in mice.

In a [http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/87/3/778 recent study] performed at Birmingham (UK) University, it was shown that average fat oxidation rates were 17% higher after ingestion of Green Tea Extract than after ingestion of a placebo. Similarly the contribution of fat oxidation to total energy expenditure was also significantly higher by a similar percentage following ingestion of Green Tea Extract. This proves that ingestion of Green Tea Extract can not only increase fat oxidation during moderately intensive exercise but also improve insulin sensitivity and glucose tolerance in healthy young men.

History

Tea consumption had its origin in China almost 5,000 years ago [ [http://www.stashtea.com/facts.htm "History of Tea"] . Stash Tea Company] [ [http://www.medindia.net/patients/patientinfo/chinesegreentea_histry.htm Chinese Green Tea. Medindia.com] ] [ [http://www.googobits.com/articles/2037-history-of-green-tea.html History of green tea by Nicole Allard] ] [ [http://inventors.about.com/od/tstartinventions/ss/tea.htm About.com. "The History of Tea - Tea Bags and Makers] ] [ [http://www.a-green-tea-guide.com/ Green Tea History] ] . Green tea has been used as traditional medicine in areas such as China, Japan, India and Thailand to help everything from controlling bleeding and helping heal wounds to regulating body temperature, blood sugar and promoting digestion.

The "Kissa Yojoki" ("Book of Tea"), written by Zen priest Eisai in 1191, describes how drinking green tea can have a positive effect on the five vital organs, especially the heart. The book discusses tea's medicinal qualities, which include easing the effects of alcohol, acting as a stimulant, curing blotchiness, quenching thirst, eliminating indigestion, curing beriberi disease, preventing fatigue, and improving urinary and brain function. Part One also explains the shapes of tea plants, tea flowers, and tea leaves, and covers how to grow tea plants and process tea leaves. In Part Two, the book discusses the specific dosage and method required for individual physical ailments.

Unproven claims

Green tea has been credited with providing a wide variety of health benefits, many of which have not been validated by scientific evidence. These claims and any for which academic citations are currently missing are listed here:

* Stopping certain neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
* The prevention and treatment of cancer [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16785249 The combination of green tea and tamoxifen is effe... [Carcinogenesis. 2006 - PubMed Result ] ]
* Treating multiple sclerosis [ [http://www.annalsnyas.org/cgi/content/abstract/928/1/274 A New Function of Green Tea: Prevention of Lifestyle-related Diseases - Sueoka et al. 928 (1): 274 - Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ] ]
* Preventing the degradation of cell membranes by neutralizing the spread of free radicals which occur during oxidation process. [ [http://www.nadraszky.com/fitness/archives/green-tea-health-benefits.html Green Tea Health Benefits ] ]
* Reducing the negative effects of LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) by lowering levels of triglycerides and increasing the production of HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol).
* Joy Bauer, a New York City nutritionist, says [the catechins in green tea] increase levels of the metabolism speeding brain chemical norepinephrine (noradrenaline).
* Japanese researchers claim that drinking five cups of green tea a day can burn 70 to 80 extra calories. Dr. Nicholas Perricone, a self-proclaimed anti-aging specialist, appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show and told Oprah's viewers they can lose 10 lbs (4.5 kg) in 6 weeks drinking green tea instead of coffee.
* Some green tea lovers commonly restrict their intake because of the stimulants it contains — equivalent to about a third the amount of caffeine as is found in coffee [http://www.celestialseasonings.com/products/caffeine.html/authentic-green-tea] . Too much caffeine can cause nausea, insomnia, or frequent urination. [ [http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3X_Green_Tea.asp?sitearea=ETO ACS :: Green Tea ] ]

United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The article "Tea: A Story of Serendipity" [ [http://www.fda.gov/FDAC/features/296_tea.html Tea: A Story of Serendipity ] ] appeared in the March 1996 issue of FDA Consumer Magazine and looked at the potential benefits of green tea. At that time they had not done any reviews of the potential benefits of green tea and were waiting to do so until health claims were filed. They have since denied two petitions to make qualified health claims as to the health benefits of green tea. [ [http://www.medterms.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=38989 Qualified health claim definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms easily defined on MedTerms ] ]

On June 30, 2005, in response to "Green Tea and Reduced Risk of Cancer Health Claim", they stated:"FDA concludes that there is no credible evidence to support qualified health claims for green tea consumption and a reduced risk of gastric, lung, colon/rectal, esophageal, pancreatic, ovarian, and combined cancers. Thus, FDA is denying these claims. However, FDA concludes that there is very limited credible evidence for qualified health claims specifically for green tea and breast cancer and for green tea and prostate cancer, provided that the qualified claims are appropriately worded so as to not mislead consumers." [ [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qhc-gtea.html US FDA/CFSAN - Letter Responding to Health Claim Petition dated January 27, 2004: Green Tea and Reduced Risk of Cancer Health Claim (Docket number 2004Q-0083) ] ]

On May 9, 2006, in response to "Green Tea and Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Disease", they concluded "there is no credible evidence to support qualified health claims for green tea or green tea extract and a reduction of a number of risk factors associated with CVD." [ [http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~dms/qhcgtea2.html US FDA/CFSAN - Qualified Health Claims: Letter of Denial - Green Tea and Reduced Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (Docket No. 2005Q-0297) ] ]

However in October 2006, the FDA approved an ointment based on green tea. New Drug Application (NDA) number N021902, for kunecatechins ointment 15% (proprietary name Veregen) was approved on October 31, 2006 [ [http://www.fda.gov/cder/rdmt/InternetNME06.htm CDER New Molecular Entity (NME) Drug and New Biologic Approvals in Calendar Year 2006 ] ] , and added to the "Prescription Drug Product List" in October 2006. [ [http://www.fda.gov/cder/rxotcdpl/pdpl_200610.htm Prescription and Over-the-Counter Drug Product List: 10/2006 ] ] Kunecatechins ointment is indicated for the topical treatment of external genital and perianal warts. [http://www.fda.gov/cder/foi/label/2006/021902lbl.pdf]

cientific studies

According to research reported at the Sixth International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention, sponsored by the American Association for Cancer Research, a standardized green tea polyphenol preparation (Polyphenon E) limits the growth of colorectal tumors in rats treated with a substance that causes the cancer. "Our findings show that rats fed a diet containing Polyphenon E are less than half as likely to develop colon cancer," Dr. Hang Xiao, from the Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy at Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, noted in a statement.

A 2006 study published in the September 13 issue of the Journal of the American Medical Association concluded "Green tea consumption is associated with reduced mortality due to all causes and due to cardiovascular disease but not with reduced mortality due to cancer." The study, conducted by the Tohoku University School of Public Policy in Japan, followed 40,530 Japanese adults, ages 40-79, with no history of stroke, coronary heart disease, or cancer at baseline beginning in 1994. The study followed all participants for up to 11 years for death from all causes and for up to 7 years for death from a specific cause. Participants who consumed 5 or more cups of tea per day had a 16 percent lower risk of all-cause mortality and a 26 percent lower risk of cardiovascular disease than participants who consumed less than one cup of tea per day. The study also states, "If green tea does protect humans against CVD or cancer, it is expected that consumption of this beverage would substantially contribute to the prolonging of life expectancy, given that CVD and cancer are the two leading causes of death worldwide." [ [http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/296/10/1255 JAMA - Abstract: Green Tea Consumption and Mortality Due to Cardiovascular Disease, Cancer, and All Causes in Japan: The Ohsaki Study, September 13, 2006, Kuriyama et al. 296 (10): 1255 ] ] [http://www.denverpost.com/nationworld/ci_4326770 Article in the Denver Post]

A study in the February 2006 edition of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition concluded "A higher consumption of green tea is associated with a lower prevalence of cognitive impairment in humans." [ [http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/83/2/355 Green tea consumption and cognitive function: a cross-sectional study from the Tsurugaya Project 1 - Kuriyama et al. 83 (2): 355 - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ] ] [ [http://www.foodnavigator.com/news/ng.asp?id=66142 Green tea could protect against Alzheimer's ] ]

In May 2006, researchers at Yale University School of Medicine weighed in on the issue with a review article that looked at more than 100 studies on the health benefits of green tea. They pointed to what they called an "Asian paradox," which refers to lower rates of heart disease and cancer in Asia despite high rates of cigarette smoking. They theorized that the 1.2 liters of green tea that is consumed by many Asians each day provides high levels of polyphenols and other antioxidants. These compounds may work in several ways to improve cardiovascular health, including preventing blood platelets from sticking together (This anticoagulant effect is the reason doctors warn surgical patients to avoid green tea prior to procedures that rely on a patient's clotting ability) and improving cholesterol levels, said the researchers, whose study appeared in the May issue of the "Journal of the American College of Surgeons". Specifically, green tea may prevent the oxidation of LDL cholesterol (the "bad" type), which, in turn, can reduce the buildup of plaque in arteries, the researchers wrote. [ [http://www.yale.edu/opa/newsr/06-06-01-01.all.html Green Tea and the “Asian Paradox” ] ]

A study published in the August 22, 2006 edition of Biological Psychology looked at the modification of the stress response via L-Theanine, a chemical found in green tea. It "suggested that the oral intake of L-Theanine could cause anti-stress effects via the inhibition of cortical neuron excitation." [ [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&cmd=Retrieve&dopt=AbstractPlus&list_uids=16930802&query_hl=3&itool=pubmed_docsum L-Theanine reduces psychological and physiological... [Biol Psychol. 2007 - PubMed Result ] ]

In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial done by Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, 240 adults were given either theaflavin-enriched green tea extract in form of 375mg capsule daily or a placebo. After 12 weeks, patients in the tea extract group had significantly less low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and total cholesterol (16.4% and 11.3% lower than baseline, p<0.01) than the placebo group. The author concluded that theaflavin-enriched green tea extract can be used together with other dietary approaches to reduce LDL-C.

A study published in the January, 2005 edition of the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition concluded "Daily consumption of tea containing 690 mg catechins for 12 wk reduced body fat, which suggests that the ingestion of catechins might be useful in the prevention and improvement of lifestyle-related diseases, mainly obesity." [ [http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/81/1/122 Ingestion of a tea rich in catechins leads to a reduction in body fat and malondialdehyde-modified LDL in men - Nagao et al. 81 (1): 122 - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ] ]

According to a Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine study published in the April 13 2005 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, antioxidants in green tea may prevent and reduce the severity of rheumatoid arthritis. The study examined the effects of green tea polyphenols on collagen-induced arthritis in mice, which is similar to rheumatoid arthritis in humans. In each of three different study groups, the mice given the green tea polyphenols were significantly less likely to develop arthritis. Of the 18 mice that received the green tea, only eight (44 percent) developed arthritis. Among the 18 mice that did not receive the green tea, all but one (94 percent) developed arthritis. In addition, researchers noted that the eight arthritic mice that received the green tea polyphenols developed less severe forms of arthritis.

A German study found that an extract of green tea and hot water (filtered), applied externally to the skin for 10 minutes, three times a day could help people with skin damaged from radiation therapy (after 16-22 days). [ [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2006/12/04/earlyshow/contributors/emilysenay/main2224186.shtml Studies: Green Tea May Help Prolong Life, Senay: Research Also Shows Benefits For Skin, Few Drawbacks - CBS News ] ]

A study published in the December 1999 American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that "Green tea has thermogenic properties and promotes fat oxidation beyond that explained by its caffeine content per se. The green tea extract may play a role in the control of body composition via sympathetic activation of thermogenesis, fat oxidation, or both." [ [http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/6/1040 Efficacy of a green tea extract rich in catechin polyphenols and caffeine in increasing 24-h energy expenditure and fat oxidation in humans - Dulloo et al. 70 (6): 1040 - American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ] ]

In lab tests, EGCG, found in green tea, was found to prevent HIV from attacking T-Cells. However, it is not yet known if this has any effect on humans. [ [http://www.webmd.com/content/article/122/114877.htm Green Tea Blocks HIV in Test Tubes ] ]

A study in the August, 2003 issue of a new potential application of Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences found that "a new potential application of (–)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate [a component of green tea] in prevention or treatment of inflammatory processes is suggested" [ [http://www.springerlink.com/content/xqa0w01wd87q1nca/ SpringerLink - Journal Article ] ]

However, pharmacological and toxicological evidence does indicate that green tea polyphenols can in fact cause oxidative stress and liver toxicity in vivo at certain concentrations. [ [http://pubs.acs.org/cgi-bin/sample.cgi/crtoec/2007/20/i04/html/tx7000515.html] Lambert, J.D., et al., (2007) Possible Controversy over Dietary Polyphenols: Benefits vs Risks, Chem Res Toxicol ] This would imply that consumers should exercise caution when consuming herbal products produced from concentrated green tea extract. Other evidence presented in the review cautions against the drinking of green tea by pregnant women.

ee also

* Chinese tea culture
* Japanese tea ceremony
* Potential effects of tea on health
* Reactive oxygen species
* Yellow tea
* Korean tea
* White tea

References

Literature

* cite book
author=Master Lam Kam Cheun et al
year = 2002
title = The way of tea
publisher = Gaia Books
ISBN 1-85675-143-0

External links

* [http://www.umm.edu/altmed/ConsHerbs/GreenTeach.html Green Tea (an overview from the University of Maryland Medical Center)]