Birnessite

Birnessite

Birnessite (Na0.3Ca0.1K0.1Mn4+Mn3+O4·1.5(H2O)) is an mineral oxide of manganese along with calcium, potassium and sodium. It has a dark brown to black color with a submetallic luster. It is also very soft, with a hardness of 1.5. Birnessite is formed by precipitation in lakes, oceans and groundwater and is a major component of desert varnish and deep sea manganese nodules.

It was first described in 1956 and named for an occurrence in Birness, Aberdeenshire, Scotland.

References

* [http://www.mindat.org/min-680.html Mindat with location data]
* [http://www.webmineral.com/data/Birnessite.shtml Webmineral data]
* [http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/birnessite.pdf Mineral Data Publishing - PDF]


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