Leone Caetani

Leone Caetani (september 12 1869 – december 251935), Duke of Sermoneta (also known as Prince Caetani), was an Italian scholar, politician and historian of the Middle-East.

Caetani is considered a pioneer and founding father in the application of the Historical method on the sources of the early Islamic traditions which he subjected to minute historical and psychological analysis. [From Babel to the dragomans Bernard Lewis "Then came a second phase, when the great nineteenth-century scholars began to apply critical method, treating Muslim historians in the same way they had treated Greek, Latin, and their own historians, trying to detect biases, distortions, variant versions and so on. Here I am thinking particularly of the work of such founding fathers of our discipline as de Goeje, Wellhausen, Caetani and others. "]

He emigrated to Canada in 1921 with Ofelia Fabiani. They brought with them their daughter Sveva, who after an appalling childhood emerged as a highly talented painter.

Life

Caetani was born in Rome into the prominent and wealthy Caetani Family. His father was the Prince of Teano and Duke of Sermoneta. His mother, Ada Booth Wilbraham was English.

Caetani developed an interest in foreign languages at an early age. At 15 he began to study Sanskrit and Arabic on his own. Later he studied Oriental languages at the University of Rome, under Ignazio Guidi and Giacomo Lignana, with an intensive study of Arabic, Hebrew, Persian, Sanskrit and Assyrian languages (and perhaps also Turkish).

Leone Caetani also served as a deputy of the Italian Parliament (1909-1913): his Radical Socialist stance later caused his expulsion from the Accademia dei Lincei by the Fascist regime (1935), as well as the loss of his Italian citizenship. He died soon afterwards in Vancouver.

Caetani spent many years researching and travelling throughout the Muslim world gathering a great deal of material on a wide range of Islamic cultures from Tunisia , Algeria , Egypt , Syria, Turkey , Iraq , the Levant , the Sahara, India,Central Asia and southern Russia.

He was married to Vittoria Colonna, however he emigrated without her to Canada (Vernon, British Columbia) in 1921 with Ofelia Fabiani. They brought with them their daughter Sveva. She (after an appalling childhood due to her mother's harsh control) emerged as a highly talented painter.

Research

Caetani made extensive analysis of sources related to the origins of the Qur'an and Islamic thought between 1904-1926 during which he collected and arranged chronologically and sequentially all known existing primary sources and materials related to the origins of Islam. Caetani presented his critical analysis and conclusions regarding the overall inconsistencies, contradictions and variances in the Islamic sources in his monumental work in ten volumes Annali dell'Islam. [Studies on Muhammad and the Rise of Islam A Critical Survey Ibn Warraq "Caetani had "compiled and arranged (year by year, and event by event) all the material which the sources, the Arab historians offered. The resultant conclusions based on the facts, which took into account the variant forms in which they were found in the sources, were accompanied by a critical analysis that reflected the methodological skepticism which Langlois and Seignobos [109] had just set forth as absolutely indispensible for the historian." 110 "] It is still regarded today as a milestone in Islamic studies.

Caetani concluded that most of the early traditions of Islams could dismissed as fabrications by later generations of authors. [The quest for the historical Mohammed Ibn Warraq "In 1905, Prince Caetani, in his introduction to his monumental ten folio volumes of Annali dell'Islam ( 1905 to 1926), came to "the pessimistic conclusion that we can find almost nothing true on Muhammad in the Traditions, we can discount as apocryphal all the traditional material that we possess." 108 Caetani had "compiled and arranged (year by year, and event by event) all the material which the sources, the Arab historians offered."] [Uthman and the Recension of the Koran, Leone Caetani, Volume 5, p. 380-390, 1915"The koran was not collected during the Prophet's lifetime; this is clearly stated by good authorities. Those who are enumerated as collectors can certainly have collected only a part, for otherwise there is no explanation of the great pains to which the three caliphs, Abu Bakr, 'Umar and 'Uthman, put themselves after Muhammad's death to produce the single official text of the Prophet's revelations. The tradition of the first compilation in the reign of Abu Bakr is usually accepted without questioning, but an examination of the account quickly betrays certain contradictions. Thus, if the death of so many Muslims at al-Yamamah endangered the preservation of the text, why did Abu Bakr, after making his copy, practically conceal it, entrusting it to the guardianship of a woman? Hafsah's copy seems, in fact, to be an invention to justify the corrections of that subsequently compiled under 'Uthman. I allow, however, the probability that in the time of Abu Bakr and 'Umar, quite independently of the battle of al-Yamamah, a copy of the Koran was prepared at Medina, perhaps at 'Umar's suggestion, exactly as others were compiled in the provinces, those, namely, which were afterwards destroyed by order of 'Uthman. It may be that the copy in Medina had a better guarantee of authenticity; while the statement that in the text prepared by Abu Bakr and 'Umar no verse was accepted which was not authenticated by at least two witnesses, who declared that they had themselves heard it from the Prophet, leads us to suppose that already in the first Koranic compilation other verses were suppressed which had not the required support. "] . He also suggested that the Arab conquests during the formative era of Islam were driven not by religion but by material want and covetousness. [Introduction to Islamic Theology and Law By Ignác Goldziher p.119"As Leone Caetani clearly demonstrates in various parts of his work on Islam the Arabs's drive to conquest sprang chiefly from material want and cupidity, which is easily explained by the economic circumstances of Arabia. Want and cupidity fired the enthusiasm to emigrate from a land that had declined and to occupy more fertile areas."] [The Quest of the Historical Muhammad Arthur Jeffery "Caetani holds that the great outburst, which sent Arab armies out in conquest of the surrounding fertile lands, is only the latest of a series of similar outbursts of Semitic peoples which in historical times have been disgorged by Arabia, due to the economic stress consequent on the gradual desiccation of Arabia. Muhammad thus becomes the leader of this movement, religious, if you will. according to the ideas of religion in Arabia at that time, but above all a politician and an opportunist. "]

Caetani was not a Moslem and he did not believe in the literal truth of the Qur'an. Instead his views about its origins were as follows. As long as Muhammad was alive, he could answer any doctrinal questions that arose, so there was little attention paid to written documents. The reign of his successor Abu Bakr was characterized by increasing confusion as multiple written and oral versions of Muhammad's teachings coexisted. To his great credit, Uthman understood the danger of this situation; he had an official version of the Qur'an developed and ordered the destruction of all unapproved versions. To summarize, Caetani thought that the Qur'an as it exists today did not come word for word from the pen of the Prophet, but was the result of a standardization and clean up effort ("Uthman's recension") undertaken many years after his death.

One of Leone Caetani's studies, Uthman and the Recension of the Koran, is included as a chapter in edited by Ibn Warraq.

References

Works

* Annali dell' Islam (Milan, Ulrico Hoepli, 1905-l907), 10 volumes
* Uthman and the Recension of the Koran, Muslim World 5 (1915), pp. 380-90
* Study of the history of the Orient (Milan, Ulrico Hoepli, 1914)

External links

* [http://answering-islam.org.uk/Index/C/caetani.html Comparative Index to Islam : Caetani, Leone ] at answering-islam.org.uk
*http://www.iant.com/imam/methodol.txt
* [http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/LAP_LEO/LATIUM.html LATIUM - Online Information article about LATIUM ] at encyclopedia.jrank.org
* [http://www.vernonmuseum.ca/caetani/part1.php The Caetani Family: Popes, Princes, Scholars and Artists :: Greater Vernon Museum & Archives ] at www.vernonmuseum.ca
* [http://www.vernonmuseum.ca/caetani/part1.php The Caetani family: The Caetani Family: Popes, Princes, Scholars and Artists]