Australoid

The Australoid race is a broad racial classification. The concept's existence is based on the typological method of racial classification. [O'Neil, Dennis. "Biological Anthropology Terms." 2006. May 13, 2007. Palomar College. [http://anthro.palomar.edu/tutorials/pglossary.htm] ] [http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/gill.html Does Race Exist? A proponent's perspective by George W. Gill.] They were described as having dark skin with wavy hair, in the case of Aboriginal Australians, or hair ranging from straight to kinky in the case of Melanesian and Negrito groups. According to this model of classification, Australoid peoples ranged throughout Australia, New Guinea, and Melanesia, as well as parts of the Philippines, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Southern India. In the mid-twentieth century an argument emerged that Australoids were linked to proto-Caucasoids.

History

). legend|#a14308|1: BushmenHuxley states: 'It is to the Xanthochroi and Melanochroi, taken together, that the absurd denomination of "Caucasian" is usually applied'. [Huxley, T. H. " [http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/SM3/GeoDis.html On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind] " (1870) "Journal of the Ethnological Society of London"] ] In the late nineteenth century, anthropometric studies led to a proposition of racial groups, one of which was termed "Australioid" by Thomas Huxley in an essay 'On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind' (1870), in which he divided humanity into four principal groups (Xanthochroic, Mongoloid, Negroid, and Australioid). [ [http://aleph0.clarku.edu/huxley/SM3/GeoDis.html Huxley, Thomas On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind. 1870. August 14, 2006] ] Huxley also concluded that the Melanochroi (Peoples of the Mediterranean race) are of a mixture of the Xanthochroi and Australoids. [Huxley, Thomas. On the Geographical Distribution of the Chief Modifications of Mankind. 1870. August 14, 2006. ]

According to Peter Bellwood, "many of the present Southern Mongoloid populations of Indonesia and Malaysia also have a high degree of Australo-Melanesian genetic heritage." [cite book|last=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago|publisher=Australian National University|date=1985|isbn=9781921313110|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=4obAfGBGKY0C&pg=RA1-PA346&lpg=RA1-PA346&dq=australomelanesoid&source=web&ots=qParWd6vh7&sig=qhrR5-GeGWbN0vw87QVbH4fnLpY#PPA92,M1|pages=92]

One proponent, R. Ruggles Gates, argued in 1960 that "If the Ainu are partly of Australoid origin it is also clear that they are even more nearly derived from archaic Caucasian ancestry". [Ruggles Gates, R. "The Australian Aboriginals in a New Setting", "Man", April 1960, pp. 53-6, [http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0025-1496(196004)1%3A60%3C53%3A7TAAIA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-X] ] M.K. Bhasin (2006) suggests that the "Australoids" "differentiat [ed] ... perhaps from a common type before the separation of the Mongoloids and Caucasoids"cite journal|url=http://www.krepublishers.com/02-Journals/IJHG/IJHG-06-0-000-000-2006-Web/IJHG-06-3-177-280-2006-Abst-PDF/IJHG-06-3-233-274-2006-000-Bhasin-M-K/IJHG-06-3-233-274-2006-000-Bhasin-M-K-Text.PDF|last=Bhasin|first=M.K.|title=Genetics of Caste and Tribes of India: Indian Population Milieu|journal=Int J Hum Genet|volume=6|issue=3|pages=233–274|year=2006|publisher=Kamla Raj|accessdate=2007-10-22]

Use to describe populations in India

Huxley's original model included populations in India. Some scholars still use the term Australoid denote the small populations, mainly in south India, usually associated with Veddas. The "American Journal of Physical Anthropology" (1996, p. 382) by American Association of Physical Anthropologists. L. L. (Luigi Luca) Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza in their text, "The History and Geography of Human Genes" (1994, P. 241) both use the term.

Balgir (2004)cite article|title=Blood groups, hemoglobinopathy and G-6-PD deficiency investigations among fifteen major scheduled tribes of Orissa, India|author=Balgir, RS and Dash, BP and Murmu, B.|journal=Anthropologist|volume=6|pages=69--75|year=2004|url=http://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&lr=&cites=1442977052456102143] designates tribes as Australoid or Proto-Australoid according to language family:

It may be mentioned here that the major scheduled tribes of Orissa belong to three linguistic groups, namely, Indo-Aryan or Indo-Europeans, i.e. Non-Australoid, Austro-Asiatic (Mundari) speakers, i.e. Proto-Australoid, and Dravidian (Gondi or Kuvi) speakers, i.e. Australoid. Proto-Australoid racial group includes Bhumiz, Gadaba, Juang, Kharia, Koda, Kolha, Mahali, Mirdha, Munda, Santal and Saora tribes. Tribes like Bathudi, Bhatra, Binjhal, Bhuyan, Lodha and Saunti belong to non-Australoid racial stock while Australoid racial stock is represented by Gond, Kondh, Kissan, Oraon, Paraja and Pentia Halva tribes.

Kashyap (2006) cite article|title=Genetic structure of Indian populations based on fifteen autosomal microsatellite loci|author={Kashyap, VK and Guha, S. and Sitalaximi, T. and Bindu, G.H. and Hasnain, S.E. and Trivedi, R.|journal=BMC Genetics|volume=7|pages=28|year=2006|url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1471-2156-7-28.pdf] designates 23 out of 54 Indian populations studied as Australoid, of which one speaks an Indo-European language (Dhangar of Maharashtra),4 speak Austro-Asiatic languages (Kurmi of Uttar Pradesh, Bihar Kurmi of Bihar, and Juang and Saora of Orissa),and 18 speak Dravidian languages. 7 populations were designated as Mongoloid, and the remaining 24 as Caucasoid. No Proto-Australoid category was used.

Physical features

Forensic anthropologist Caroline Wilkenson says that Australoids have the largest brow ridges "with moderate to large supraorbital arches" . Caucasoids have the second largest brow ridges with "moderate supraorbital ridges" . Negroids have the third largest brow ridges with an "undulating supraorbital ridge". Mongoloids are "absent browridges" , so they have the smallest brow ridges.Wilkenson, Caroline. Forensic Facial Reconstruction. Cambridge University Press. 2004. ISBN:0521820030]

The first Americans?

Skulls of peoples with Australoid morphologies have been found in the Americas, leading to speculation that peoples with phenotypical similarities to modern Australoids may have been the earliest occupants of the continent. [ [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19960408/ai_n14052462 "Ancient voyage of discovery", Independent, The (London), Apr 8, 1996 by David Keys] ] [ [http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?chanID=sa003&articleID=000E8538-F33D-139D-B33D83414B7F0000 "Scientific American", Skulls Suggest Differing Stocks for First Americans, December 13, 2005] ] [ [http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2005/12/1212_051212_humans_americas.html "National Geographic", Americas Settled by Two Groups of Early Humans, Study Says, Dec 12, 2005] ] These have been termed by some Pre-Siberian American Aborigines. Christy Turner notes that "cranial analyses of some South American crania have suggested that there might have been some early migration of "Australoids." [cite book|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=RI32r548fUwC|last=Turner|first=Christy|chapter=Teeth, Needles, Dogs and Siberia: Bioarchaeological Evidence for the Colonization of the New World|title=The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World'|publisher=University of California Press|year=2002|page=138] These early Americans left signs of settlement in Brazil which may date back as many as 50,000 years ago. However, Turner argues that cranial morphology suggests "Sinodonty" in all the populations he has studied.

One of earliest skulls recovered by archaeologists is a specimen scientists have named Lucia. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/430944.stm] According to archaeologist Walter Neves of the University of São Paulo, detailed measurements of the skull revealed that Lucia "was anything but Mongoloid." Further, when a forensic artist reconstructed Lucia's face, "the result was surprising: 'It had all the features of a Negroid face".... [. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/430944.stm "First Americans were Australian] ." BBC News, Sci/Tech. August 26, 1999. Accessed 01-07/2007.]

Some scientists believe these Australoid first Americans later were displaced relatively recently by peoples with more Mongoloid, or East Asian, characteristics approximately 7,000 to 9,000 years ago. Such scientists argue that a small number of Australoid peoples living in Tierra del Fuego are thought to be the only remaining survivors of these earliest known Americans.

The pre-European Fuegeans, who lived stone age-style lives until this century, show hybrid skull features which could have resulted from intermarrying between mongoloid and negroid peoples. Their rituals and traditions also bear some resemblance to the ancient rock art in Brazil.".... [. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/430944.stm "First Americans were Australian] ." BBC News, Sci/Tech. August 26, 1999. Accessed 01-07/2007.]

See also

* Proto-Australoid

References