Phoebe (moon)

Infobox Planet
name = Phoebe
alt_names = Saturn IX
adjectives = Phoebean


bgcolour = #ffc0c0
discovery = yes
discoverer = W.H. Pickering
discovered = March 17, 1899 / August 16, 1898
orbit_ref = [http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/NatSats/NaturalSatellites.html]
semimajor = 12 955 759 km
eccentricity = 0.156 241 5
period = 550.564 636 d
inclination = 173.04° (to the ecliptic) 151.78° (to Saturn's equator)
satellite_of = Saturn
physical_characteristics = yes
dimensions = 230 x 220 x 210 km
mass = (0.829 2 ± 0.001 0)e|19 kg cite journal| last=Jacobson| first=R. A.| coauthors=Antreasian, P. G.; Bordi, J. J.; Criddle, K. E.; et.al.| title=The Gravity Field of the Saturnian System from Satellite Observations and Spacecraft Tracking Data| journal=The Astronomical Journal| month=December| year=2006| volume=132| pages=2520–2526 |doi=10.1086/508812]
density = 1.634 2 ± 0.046 0 g/cm³
surface_grav = ~0.049 m/s²
escape_velocity = ~0.10 km/s
sidereal_day = 0.386 75 d (9 h 16 min 55.2 s) [Seidelmann, P. K.; Abalakin, V. K.; Bursa, M.; Davies, M. E.; de Bergh, C.; Lieske, J. H.; Oberst, J.; Simon, J. L.; Standish, E. M.; Stooke, P.; and Thomas, P. C. [http://www.hnsky.org/iau-iag.htm "Report of the IAU/IAG Working Group on Cartographic Coordinates and Rotational Elements of the Planets and Satellites: 2000"] ]
axial_tilt = 152.14° [Porco, C. C.; et al., [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/sci;307/5713/1237 "Cassini Imaging Science: Initial Results on Phoebe and Iapetus"] , Science, Vol. 307, No. 5713 (February 25, 2005), pp. 1237–1242 DOI: 10.1126/science.1107981]
albedo = 0.06

Phoebe (pronEng|ˈfiːbi respell|FEE|bee, or as in Greek "Φοίβη)" is an irregular satellite of Saturn. It was discovered by William Henry Pickering on March 17, 1899 from photographic plates that had been taken starting on August 16, 1898 at Arequipa, Peru by DeLisle Stewart [Pickering, E. C.; [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/BHarO/0049//0000001.000.html "Harvard College Observatory Bulletin", 49 (March 17, 1899)] ] [ [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AJ.../0020//0000013.000.html "A New Satellite of Saturn"] , Astronomical Journal, Vol. 20, No. 458 (March 23, 1899), p. 13] Pickering, E. C.; [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/ApJ../0009//0000274.000.html "A New Satellite of Saturn"] , Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 9, No. 4 (April 10, 1899), pp. 274–276] [Pickering, E. C.; [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/AN.../0149//0000100.000.html "A New Satellite of Saturn"] , Astronomische Nachrichten, Vol. 149, No. 10 (April 29, 1899), pp. 189–192 (same as above)] [ [http://adsabs.harvard.edu//full/seri/Obs../0022//0000158.000.html "A Ninth Satellite to Saturn"] , The Observatory, Vol. 22, No. 278 (April 1899), pp. 158–159] . It was the first satellite to be discovered photographically. The rarely used adjectival form of the name is "Phoebean".

Phoebe was the first target encountered upon the arrival of Cassini–Huygens to the Saturn system in 2004, and is thus unusually well-studied for a natural satellite of its size. Cassini's trajectory to Saturn and time of arrival were specifically chosen to permit this flyby. [cite web
last = Martinez
first = Carolina
coauthors = Brown, Dwayne
title = Cassini Spacecraft Near First Stop in Historic Saturn Tour
work = Mission News
publisher = NASA
date = 2004-06-09
url = http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/cassini/media/cassini-060904.html
accessdate = 2008-03-02] After the encounter and its insertion orbit, Cassini would not go much beyond the orbit of Iapetus.

Name

The moon is named after Phoebe, a Titan in Greek mythology. It is also designated Saturn IX. The IAU nomenclature standards have stated that features on Phoebe are to be named after characters in the Greek myth of Jason and the Argonauts. In 2005, the IAU officially named 24 craters [ [http://www.spaceflightnow.com/cassini/050224phoebecraters.html "Features on Saturn's moon Phoebe given names"] , Spaceflight Now, February 24, 2005] (Acastus, Admetus, Amphion, Butes, Calais, Canthus, Clytius, Erginus, Euphemus, Eurydamas, Eurytion, Eurytus, Hylas, Idmon, Iphitus, Jason, Mopsus, Nauplius, Oileus, Peleus, Phlias, Talaus, Telamon, and Zetes).

Dr. Toby Owen of the University of Hawaii at Manoa, chairman of the International Astronomical Union Outer Solar System Task Group said:"We picked the legend of the Argonauts for Phoebe as it has some resonance with the exploration of the Saturn system by Cassini-Huygens. We can't say that our participating scientists include heroes like Hercules and Atalanta, but they do represent a wide, international spectrum of outstanding people who were willing to take the risk of joining this voyage to a distant realm in hopes of bringing back a grand prize."

Orbital characteristics

For more than 100 years, Phoebe was Saturn's outermost known moon, until the discovery of several smaller moons in 2000. Phoebe is almost 4 times more distant from Saturn than its nearest major neighbor (Iapetus), and is substantially larger than any of the other moons orbiting planets at comparable distances.

All of Saturn's moons up to Iapetus orbit very nearly in the plane of Saturn's equator. The outer irregular satellites follow fairly to highly eccentric orbits, and none is expected to rotate synchronously as all the inner moons of Saturn do (except for Hyperion). See Saturn's satellites families.

Physical characteristics

Phoebe is roughly spherical and has a diameter of 220 kilometres (about 137 miles), which is equal to about one-fifteenth of the diameter of Earth's moon. Phoebe rotates on its axis every nine hours and it completes a full orbit around Saturn in about 18 months. Its surface temperature is only 75 K (-198°C).

Most of Saturn's inner moons have very bright surfaces, but Phoebe's albedo is very low (0.06), as dark as lampblack. The Phoebean surface is extremely heavily scarred, with craters up to 80 kilometres across, one of which has walls 16 kilometres high.

Phoebe's dark coloring initially led to scientists surmising that it was a captured asteroid, as it resembled the common class of dark carbonaceous asteroids. These are chemically very primitive and are thought to be composed of original solids that condensed out of the solar nebula with little modification since then.

However, images from the Cassini-Huygens space probe indicate that Phoebe's craters show a considerable variation in brightness, which indicate the presence of large quantities of ice below a relatively thin blanket of dark surface deposits some 300 to 500 metres (980 to 1,600 feet) thick. In addition, quantities of carbon dioxide have been detected on the surface, a finding which has never been replicated on an asteroid. It is estimated that Phoebe is about 50% rock, as opposed to the 35% or so that typifies Saturn's inner moons. For these reasons, scientists are coming to believe that Phoebe is in fact a captured Centaur, one of a number of icy planetoids from the Kuiper belt that orbit the Sun between Jupiter and Neptune [Johnson, Torrence V.; and Lunine, Jonathan I.; "Saturn's moon Phoebe as a captured body from the outer Solar System", Nature, Vol. 435, pp. 69–71] [Martinez, C.; [http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/news/press-release-details.cfm?newsID=568 "Scientists Discover Pluto Kin Is a Member of Saturn Family"] , Cassini-Huygens News Releases, May 6, 2005] . Phoebe is the first such object to be imaged as anything other than a dot.

Material displaced from Phoebe's surface by microscopic meteor impacts may be responsible for the dark surfaces of Hyperion [The composition implied by spectra does not seem to support the earlier suggestion that Phoebe could be the source of the dark material deposited on Iapetus ] . Debris from the biggest impacts may have been the building blocks of the other moons of Phoebe's group—all of which are less than 10 km in diameter.

Map

A composite image of Phoebe's surface (143 kB).

The lower latitudes have been clipped from the main map, but can be seen in this polar projection:

pacecraft flybys

The Voyager 2 spacecraft passed by Phoebe in September 1981, although the 2.2 Gm (2.2 million kilometres) distance and low resolution meant that relatively little could be learned from the resulting images.

The Cassini spacecraft flew within 2,068 kilometers (about 1,285 miles) of Phoebe on June 11, 2004, returning many high-resolution images of the moon and its scarred surface. By a stroke of pure luck, Phoebe happened to be in the best part of its orbit to be photographed by the incoming Cassini probe, which otherwise would not likely have returned pictures much better than Voyager due to Phoebe's distance from Saturn. In addition, due to its rapid rotation period of approximately 9 hours, 56 minutes, Cassini was able to map virtually the entire surface of Phoebe.

ee also

*List of geological features on Saturn's smaller moons

References

External links

* [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/profile.cfm?Object=Sat_Phoebe Phoebe Profile] by [http://solarsystem.nasa.gov NASA's Solar System Exploration]
* [http://saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/multimedia/images/images.cfm?subCategoryID=8 Cassini-Huygens Multimedia:
]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/3798485.stm "Cassini Pass Reveals Moon Secrets"] , BBC News, June 14 2004
* [http://www.planetary.org/explore/topics/saturn/phoebe.html The Planetary Society: Phoebe]
* Asaravala, A.; [http://www.wired.com/news/space/0,2697,67419,00.html?tw=wn_story_related "Saturn's Odd Moon Out"] , Wired, (May 4, 2005)
* [http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sat_phys_par NASA: Natural Satellite Physical Parameters]