Anthony W. Gardiner

Infobox_President
name=Anthony William Gardiner
small

order=9th President of Liberia
term_start=January 7 1878
term_end=January 20 1883
vicepresident=Alfred Francis Russell
predecessor=James Spriggs-Payne
successor=Alfred F. Russell
birth_date=birth date|1820|2|3|mf=y
birth_place=Virginia, United States
death_date=1885
party=True Whig

Anthony William Gardiner (1820–1885) served as the 9th President of Liberia from 1878 until 1883. He was the first of a series of True Whig presidents who held power uninterruptedly until 1980.

Gardiner was born in the state of Virginia in the United States. In 1831, when he was still a child, his family relocated to Liberia under the sponsorship of the American Colonization Society. Gardiner received his law degree in Liberia and, in 1847, he served as a delegate to the National Convention, which drafted Liberia's declaration of independence and constitution. He became Liberia's first attorney general and later served in the National Legislature from 1855 to 1871.

In 1871 Gardiner became Vice-President of Liberia following the coup d'état against President Edward Roye. He was then elected vice-president twice, serving until 1876. During the incapacitation of President J. J. Roberts from 1875 until early 1876, Gardiner was also acting president.

Less than two years after leaving office as acting president, Gardiner won election to the presidency, taking office in 1878. In the same election, the True Whig Party won a massive victory and proceeded to dominate Liberian politics until the beginning of the Civil War in 1980. Gardiner himself was re-elected to two further two-year terms.

Presidency (1878-1883)

The decades after 1868, escalating economic difficulties weakened the state's dominance over the coastal indigenous population. Conditions worsened, the cost of imports was far greater than the income generated by exports of coffee, rice, palm oil, sugarcane, and timber. Liberia tried desperately to modernize its largely agricultural economy. As president, Gardiner called for increased trade with and investment from outside countries, improved public education, and closer relations with Liberia's native peoples. However, his policies were overshadowed by the ramifications of the European powers' "scramble for Africa".

Territorial conflicts with European powers

Liberia continued to have territorial disputes with the European countries of Britain and France. However, rivalries between the Europeans colonizing West Africa and the interest of the United States helped preserve Liberian independence during this period, and until 1919. Whenever the British and French seemed intent on enlarging at Liberia's expense the neighboring territories they already controlled, periodic appearances by U.S. warships helped discourage encroachment, even though successive American administrations rejected appeals from Monrovia for more forceful support. [Liebenow, J. Gus, "Liberia: the Quest for Democracy". Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1987]

During Gardiner's administration difficulties with the British Empire and with Germany reached a crisis. Liberia was drawn into a border conflict with the British Empire over the Gallinas territory, lying between the Sewa River and the Mano River—territory which now forms the extreme eastern part of Sierra Leone. The British made a formal show of force at Monrovia in a mission led by Sir Arthur Havelock; meanwhile, the looting of a German vessel along the Kru Coast and personal indignities inflicted by the natives upon the shipwrecked Germans, led to the bombardment of Nana Kru by a German warship and the presentation at Monrovia of a claim for damages, payment of which was forced by the threat of the bombardment of the capital.

cholarship

In 1882, Edward Wilmot Blyden published the important study "Christianity, Islam and the Negro Race". Blyden was Liberia's leading intellectual, a journalist, scholar, diplomat, statesman, and theologian.

Resignation

President Gardiner resigned on January 20, 1883, due to a serious illness. He was succeeded by the vice-president, Alfred F. Russell. Two months later, in March 1883, the British Government would annex the Gallinas territory west of the Mano River and formally incorporate it into Sierra Leone.

References

*cite book|author=Brawley, Benjamin|title=A Social History of The American Negro, Being a History of the Negro Problem in the United States. Including A History And Study Of The Republic Of Liberia|publisher=New York, AMS Press|year=1921, 1971|id=ISBN 0-404-00138-6

"This article incorporates public domain text from Brawley, "A Social History of The American Negro", retrieved from Project Gutenberg [http://www.gutenberg.org/files/12101/12101-h/12101-h/12101-h.htm#Relations] "

ee also

*History of Liberia

Further reading

*see History of Liberia, further reading

External links

* [http://www.liberiapastandpresent.org/GardinerAnthonyW.htm Liberia Past and Present] : Anthony W. Gardiner
* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1985/liberia_1_truewhigascend.htm The True Whig Ascendancy]
*see also History of Liberia, external links