Homogenization

Homogenization

Homogenization (or homogenisation) is a term used in many fields such as chemistry, agricultural science, food technology, sociology and cell biology. Homogenization is a term connoting a process that makes a mixture the same throughout the entire substance.

Chemistry

Intensive mixing of mutually insoluble phases (sometimes with addition of surfactants) to obtain a soluble suspension or emulsion.

In science:

*Homogeneous — a mixture that is the same(uniform) throughout.
*Heterogeneous — a mixture consisting of dissimilar elements or parts.

Food technology

One of the oldest applications of homogenization is in milk processing, to prevent or delay natural separation of cream from the rest of the emulsion. The fat in milk normally separates from the water and collects at the top. Homogenization breaks the fat into smaller sizes so it no longer separates, allowing the sale of non-separating 1%, 2%, and whole milk. This is accomplished by forcing the milk at high pressure through small orifices.

Another method of homogenization uses extruders, hammermills, or colloid mills to mill (grind) solids.

Sociology and history

In sociology and history, the term "homogenization" has largely negative meanings, indicating a drive towards uniformity, militarism, obedience and conformism. This is often superimposed forcibly by the state, but can also be the result of global economic forces (Conversi 2007). The term "homogenization" has a close relationship to Americanization.

Cell biology

Homogenization is a process that involves breaking apart cells — releasing organelles and cytoplasm. When the purpose is to extract organelles, it is frequently done in two steps; first using a blender to break the tissue up, and then with an ultrasonic or mechanical tissue disruptor. The organelles are then generally separated using differential centrifugation. Depending upon the subcellular fraction wanted, different processes are used to separate them. When the aim is to extract nucleic acids, the tissue is often ground in a mortar and pestle under liquid nitrogen.

Sometimes, however, a much milder procedure is followed, where the aim is to collect whole, intact cells. Homogenized cells must be kept at low temperatures to prevent autolysis and kept in an isotonic solution to prevent osmotic damage.

ee also

*Pasteurization

References

Conversi, Daniele 2007 'Homogenisation, nationalism and war: Should we still read Ernest Gellner?’, [http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2007.00292.x Nations and Nationalism] , Vol. 13, no 3, 2007, pp. 1–24

External links

* [http://www.niro-soavi.com/SOAVI/CMSDoc.nsf/WebDoc/ndkw73egqz Homogenization Concept] The Dynamic High Pressure
* [http://www.niroinc.com/html/soavi/stechnolgy.html homogenization equipment] with detailed description
* [http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/homogenization.html explanation of the technology] along with theories on how the homogenization mechanism actually works.
* [http://www.proscientific.com/Homogenizing.shtml Homogenizing with Blades, Rotors and Pressure homogenizers.]
* [http://www.howstuffworks.com/question147.htm How Stuff Works - Homogenization and Pasteurization]
* [http://www.omni-inc.com/images/ALN_Jahn_Reprint.pdf High Throughput Homogenization]
* [http://www.omni-inc.com/index.php?main_page=page_4 Eliminating Cross Contamination During Homogenization]


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Look at other dictionaries:

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  • homogenization — (Amer.) n. blending of dissimilar elements; process of making similar, unification; process by which fat droplets are equally distributed throughout an emulsion such as in milk (also homogenisation) …   English contemporary dictionary

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  • homogenization — homogenize (also homogenise) ► VERB 1) make homogeneous. 2) subject (milk) to a process in which the fat droplets are emulsified and the cream does not separate. DERIVATIVES homogenization noun homogenizer noun …   English terms dictionary

  • homogenization — noun Date: 1908 1. the act or process of homogenizing 2. the quality or state of being homogenized …   New Collegiate Dictionary

  • homogenization — See homogenize. * * * ▪ chemistry       process of reducing a substance, such as the fat globules in milk, to extremely small particles and distributing it uniformly throughout a fluid, such as milk. When milk is properly homogenized, the cream… …   Universalium

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