Lillian Hellman

Infobox Writer
name = Lillian Hellman


imagesize = 200px
caption =
birthdate = birth date|1905|6|20
birthplace = New Orleans, Louisiana
deathdate = death date and age|1984|6|30|1905|6|20
deathplace = Tisbury, Massachusetts
occupation = writer
Playwright
nationality = American
debut_works =
salary =
networth =
spouse = Arthur Kober (1925-1932)
website =
footnotes =

Lillian Florence Hellman (June 20, 1905 – June 30, 1984) was an American playwright, linked throughout her life with many left-wing causes. She was romantically involved for 30 years with mystery and crime writer Dashiell Hammett (and was the inspiration for his character Nora Charles), and was also a long-time friend and literary executor of author Dorothy Parker.

Early life

Lillian Hellman was born in New Orleans, Louisiana into a Jewish family. During most of her childhood she spent half of each year in New Orleans, in a boarding home run by her aunts, and the other half in New York City.

Writing

Hellman's most famous plays include "The Children's Hour" (1934), "The Little Foxes" (1939) and "Toys in the Attic" (1959).

The Oscar-winning film "Julia" was claimed to be based on the friendship between Hellman and the title character. Upon the film's release, in 1977, New York psychiatrist Muriel Gardiner claimed that she was "Julia" and that she had never known Hellman. Hellman replied that the person upon whom the character was based was not Gardiner. However, the fact that Hellman and Gardiner had the same lawyer (Wolf Schwabacher), that the lawyer had been privy to Gardiner's memoirs, and that the events in the film conform to those in the memoirs, have led some to conclude that they had been appropriated by Hellman without attribution to Gardiner.

Hellman was fond of including younger characters in her plays. In "The Children's Hour" (1934), the play takes place in a children's school and the antagonist of the play, Mary, is a young girl. In "The Little Foxes" (1939), an important sub-plot takes place between the potential marriage of the youngest characters in the play, Leo and Alexandra, another example of Hellman's proclivity towards including children.

Blacklist and aftermath

Hellman appeared before the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1952. At the time, HUAC was well aware that Hellman's longtime lover Dashiell Hammett had been a Communist Party member. Asked to name names of acquaintances with communist affiliations, Hellman instead delivered a prepared statement, which read in part:

As a result, Hellman was blacklisted by the Hollywood movie studios for many years.

Prior to the war, as a member of the League of American Writers with Hammett, she had served on its Keep America Out of War Committee during the period of the Hitler-Stalin pact.Franklin Folsom, "Days of Anger, Days of Hope", University Press of Colorado, 1994, ISBN 0870813323 ]

In "Two Invented Lives: Hellman and Hammett", author Joan Mellen noted that while Hellman had excoriated anti-Communist liberals such as Elia Kazan [ Bernstein, Richard, "Long, Bitter Debate From the '50's: Views of Kazan and His Critics" "New York Times" article, May 3, 1988] in her memoirs for directing their energies against Communists rather than against fascists and capitalists, she held a double standard on the subject of free speech when it came to her own critics. [Glazer, Nathan, An Answer to Lillian Hellman, "Commentary" Magazine, Vol. 61, No. 6 (June 1976)] Mellen, Joan, "Two Invented Lives: Hellman and Hammett", HarperCollins, New York, 1996] Author Diana Trilling publicly accused Hellman of pressuring her publisher, Little Brown, to cancel its contract with Trilling, who had written a collection of essays defending herself and her husband Lionel Trilling against Hellman's charges. [Wright, William, "Stage View", New York Times article, November 3, 1996] Rollyson, Carl E., "Lillian Hellman: Her Legend and Her Legacy" (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1988) ISBN 0312000499 ]

Hellman had shaded the truth on some accounts of her life, including the assertion that she knew nothing about the Moscow Trials in which Stalin had purged the Soviet Communist Party of Party members who were then liquidated.Lamont, Corliss, Hellman, Lillian, et al., "An Open Letter to American Liberals", Soviet Russia Today, March 1937 issue] Hellman had actually signed petitions ("An Open Letter to American Liberals") applauding the guilty verdict and encouraged others not to cooperate with John Dewey's committee that sought to establish the truth behind Stalin's show trials. The letter denounced the "fantastic falsehood that the USSR and totalitarian states are basically alike." Hellman had also opposed the granting of political asylum to Leon Trotsky by the United States. Trotsky was the former Soviet leader and Communist who became Stalin's nemesis in exile (and eventual victim of assassination), after the Soviet Union instructed the U.S. Communist Party to oppose just such a move. As late as 1969, according to Mellen, she told Dorothea Strauss that her husband was a "malefactor" because he had published the work of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. Mellen quotes her as saying "If you knew what I know about American prisons, you would be a Stalinist, too." Mellen continues, "American justice allowed her now to maintain good faith with the tyrant who had, despite his methods, industrialized the 'first socialist state.'"

Hellman's feud with Mary McCarthy formed the basis for the play "Imaginary Friends" by Nora Ephron. McCarthy famously said of Hellman on "The Dick Cavett Show" that "every word she writes is a lie, including 'and' and 'the'." Hellman replied by filing a US$2,500,000 slander suit against McCarthy. McCarthy in turn produced evidence that Hellman had shaded the truth on some accounts of her life, including some of the information that later appeared in Mellen's book.

Death

Hellman died on June 30, 1984 at age 79 from natural causes on Martha's Vineyard. She was still in litigation with Mary McCarthy, and the suit was dropped by Hellman's executors. [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Lillian Hellman, Author and Rebel, Dies at Age 79 |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/673908402.html?dids=673908402:673908402&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:AI&date=Jul+01%2C+1984&author=TED+THACKREY+JR&pub=Los+Angeles+Times&desc=Lillian+Hellman%2C+Author+and+Rebel%2C+Dies+at+Age+77&pqatl=google |quote=Author Lillian Hellman, who delineated evil in such plays as "The Children's Hour" and "The Little Foxes" and fell victim to it during the political persecutions of the 1950s, died Saturday of a heart attack at 77. |publisher=Los Angeles Times |date=July 1, 1984 |accessdate=2008-04-18 ] [cite news |first= |last= |authorlink= |coauthors= |title=Lillian Hellman, Playwright, Author and Rebel, Dies at 77 [sic] |url=http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0B11F93E5D0C728CDDAE0894DC484D81 |quote=Lillian Hellman, one of the most important playwrights of the American theater, died of cardiac arrest yesterday at Martha's Vineyard (Mass.) Hospital near her summer home. She was 77 [sic] years old and also lived in Manhattan. The playwright had been taken to the hospital by ambulance from her home ... |publisher=New York Times |date=July 1, 1984 |accessdate=2008-07-07 ]

Legacy

Hellman is also a main character in the play "Cakewalk" by Peter Feibleman, which is about Hellman's relationship with a younger novelist. Hellman did in fact have a long relationship with Feibleman, and the other main character in the play is somewhat based on him. Actress Elaine Stritch portrays Hellman in the audiobook version of the play.

List of works

* "The Children's Hour" (1934)
* "These Three" (1936)
* "The Dark Angel" (1935)
* "Days To Come" (1936)
* "Dead End" (1937)
* "The North Star" (1943)
* "The Little Foxes" (1939 play)
* "Watch on the Rhine" (1940)
* "The Little Foxes" (1941 screenplay)
* "Another Part of the Forest" (1946)
* "The Autumn Garden" (1951)
* "Candide" (1957)
* "The Big Knockover" (preface) (1963)
* "Toys in the Attic" (1959)
* "An Unfinished Woman" (1969)
* "Pentimento" (1973)
* "Scoundrel Time" (1976)

ee also

*Dashiell Hammett
*HUAC
*Elia Kazan

References

External links

* [http://www.pbs.org/wnet/americanmasters/database/hellman_l.html Hellman at "American Masters"] ()
** [http://video.pbs.org:8080/ramgen/wnet/ammasters/clips/hellman-lo.rm?altplay=hellman-lo.rm Realplayer video clip on her message to HUAC.]
* [http://www.kirjasto.sci.fi/lhellman.htm Brief biography] at Kirjasto (Pegasos)
* [http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/6454/ Lillian Hellman Refuses to Name Names] at History Matters
* [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0375484/ Hellman] at the
* [http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/hellman-per-fbi.html Essay about Lillian Hellman's FBI file] by Herbert Mitgang
* [http://www.theparisreview.org/viewinterview.php/prmMID/4463 Read Hellman's interview at The Paris Review]
* [http://writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/hellman-today.html "Why Lillian Hellman Remains Fascinating"] By William Wright, from the "New York Times" (3 November 1996)
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/hellman.html Hellman] at the Jewish Virtual Library
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054743/ The Children's Hour] at IMDb
* [http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/29/childrenshour1.html The Children's Hour]
* [http://www.hrw.org/about/info/helham.html Hellman/Hammett Grant Program]
* [http://www.nytimes.com/books/first/k/kiernan-mary.html 1977: Who was the real heroine?]
* [http://www.hellmanwyler.com Festival Devoted to the work of Lillian Hellman and William Wyler]