John Howe (loyalist)

John Howe (October 14, 1754 - December 27, 1835) was a loyalist printer during the American Revolution, a printer and Postmaster in Halifax, the father of the famous Joseph Howe, a spy prior to the War of 1812, and eventually a Magistrate of the Colony of Nova Scotia. He was born in Boston, Massachusetts Bay colony, the son of Joseph Howe, a tin plate worker of Puritan ancestry, and Rebeccah Hart. [Grant, John N. "John Howe, Senior: Printer, Publisher, Postmaster, Spy," p.26, in "Eleven Exiles: Accounts of Loyalists of the American Revolution", Phyllis R. Blakeley and John N. Grant, eds. (Toronto and Charlottetown: Dundurn Press Ltd., 1982).] [Punch, Terrance M. and Marble, Allan E. "The Family of John Howe, Loyalist and King's Printer" in the "Nova Scotia Historical Quarterly", Vol. 6 (September, 1976), pp. 317-327.]

Early years

John Howe was born in the same year that the French and Indian War or Seven Years' War (1754–1763) began. It was the consequences of this conflict that motivated the British to demand greater taxes from, and assert greater control over, their American colonies and it was the consequences of this conflict that raised and disappointed the English-American colonists' expectations about their opportunities for expansion, all of which contributed to the colonists' determination to revolt against an increasingly costly, authoritarian, and obstructive British rule. Although Howe was only eight years old at the end of this war on September 7, 1993, he grew to maturity influenced by the events that followed, such as the Stamp Act (1765) and the Boston Massacre (1770).

Howe's family were converts to a religious sect called the Sandemanians, whose best-known member was Michael Faraday, the famous scientist. The sect began when the Rev. John Glas (1695–1773), who had been the Presbyterian minister at Tealing, Perthshire, Scotland, sought a return to a "New Testament Christianity" that included Agapēs, pacifism, good works, charity, communal property, as well as a strong opposition to state control over the church. These views led to his suspension from the Church of Scotland in 1728. With the help of his son-in-law, Robert Sandeman, the sect grew to several churches in Scotland and England. Sandeman first moved to London in 1760 and then, in 1764, to New England. [cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/13435a.htm|title="Sandemanians" in the Catholic Encyclopedia] He arrived in Boston, where he helped his nephew get established as a bookseller, [Thomas, Isaiah, pp.151, 210, and 290. "The History of Printing In America: with a Biography of Printers & an Account of Newspapers" (New York: Weathervane Press, 1970).] and then moved to Danbury, Connecticut, where he lived until his death in April, 1771. Sandeman's teachings to live a more purely Christian life appealed to New England's Puritan descendants and, with the rising tensions between the colonists and royal rule, Sandeman's command to "Fear God and honour the King" and "if it be possible... live peacefully with all men" found a receptive audience amongst the loyalists. A Joseph Howe is listed as a member of the Boston Sandemanians; this was probably John's father, but it might have been John's elder brother. [Beck, J. Murray. "Joseph Howe, Vol. I, Conservative Reformer, 1804-1848" (Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1982), ISBN 0-7735-0387-0.] John Howe's Sandemanian beliefs likely contributed to his loyalist stance, and definitely contributed to his lifelong pacifism.

John Howe probably began his apprenticeship as a printer to Richard Draper in either 1766 or 1767. [That John Howe apprenticed under Richard Draper, and that he became a partner almost immediately after he had completed his apprenticeship, is drawn from Grant, John N. (1982), p.27. That his completion of his apprenticeship and his entry into partnership with Margaret Draper occurred in October, 1775, is indicated by the date of the first issue that bears his name, October 13, 1775, and it is consistent with the practice of indenturing apprentices until they reached 21 years of age. The start date is more open to conjecture, but as Rorabaugh, W. J. (1986). cite web|url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=Um26rj37YJ8C&pg=PA7&dq=term+of+colonial+printer%27s+apprenticeship&sig=jZ9J_8cAKJdbJIwFsuxxOi3jur4#PPA7,M1|title=The Craft Apprentice: From Franklin to the Machine Age in America, pp.7-8, indicates that Benjamin Franklin began his printer's apprenticeship in Boston at the age of 12, and Beun clearck, J. Murray. 1982, Vol. I indicates that Joseph Howe, John Howe's youngest son, began his apprenticeship at 13, a start at 12 or 13 seems reasonable, if not conclusive, for John Howe.] Richard Draper was the King's printer in Massachusetts and the publisher of the "Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News Letter", the oldest English newspaper in the Americas. As Richard Draper was known to be a frail and sickly man, [Thomas, Isaiah, 1970, pp.143-45.] John Howe probably witnessed and wrote the article about the Boston Tea Party that appeared in the December 23, 1773, issue. Less than six months after the report on the Boston Tea Party, Richard Draper, owner of the "Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News Letter", died on June 5 or 6, 1774, leaving the paper in the hands of his widow, Margaret Draper. Richard Draper may have anticipated his demise, as he formed a partnership with John Boyle in May, the month before his death, but Margaret Draper soon ended this partnership (between August 4 and 11, 1774) as Boyle did not share her loyalist sympathies. Margaret Draper published the paper by herself from August 11, 1774. [Thomas, Isaiah, 1970, pp.175-76.]

On April 19, 1775, the opening battle of the American Revolution occurred, when the British forces raided inland from Boston to Concord "to destroy a Magazine of Military Stores deposited there." When the raid broke into a firefight, the "Troops had above Fifty killed, and many more wounded". In the April 20, 1775, issue of the "Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News Letter" a short article appeared that briefly described and—a day or more later—a broadside reporting on the [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbpebib:@field(NUMBER%2B@band(rbpe%2B03801100)) Battle of Lexington and Concord] at greater length, were quite possibly both written and printed by John Howe. After the Battle of Lexington and Concord, news of the event quickly spread to the other colonies and American patriots came in great numbers to lay siege to Boston. On June 17, 1775, American forces seized a hill to the north of Boston and began building fortifications upon it from which they would be able to fire upon the town and harbour. In the morning light, a British ship in the harbour, seeing the fortifications being constructed on the hill, began firing on the hill. Soon, British troops were ferried from Boston to Charlestown, where they charged up and took the hill, although at an enormous cost in lives. In later years, John Howe described his experiences at the [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/rbpebib:@field(NUMBER%2B@band(rbpe%2B0380190a)) Battle of Bunker Hill] to his youngest son, Joseph. He watched as General Sir William Howe led the final bayonet charge up the hill "with the bullets flying through the tails of his coat." After the battle, John told of aiding "a young officer whose leg had been amputated and who he cured of a raging fever by letting him drink a bucket of cold water." Shortly after the battle, John Howe proposed to Marth Minns, who accepted and became his fiancée. [Beck, J. Murray. 1982, Vol. I.]

A Loyalist printer in the American Revolution

Margaret Draper continued to print the "Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News Letter" until September 7 1775, when she appears to have had some trouble as no issues were published from September 14 to October 6 1775. John Howe, although he had just completed his apprenticeship, became Margaret Draper's new partner, and he was listed as the publisher from October 13 1775 to the paper's final issue on February 22 1776. ["Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News Letter" (microfilm).]

On March 5, 1776, American forces seized control of Dorchester Heights, a hill to the south of Boston, with a commanding view of Boston harbour. Meanwhile, Henry Knox brought the cannon seized from Fort Ticonderoga to Boston. Realizing that taking the hill would be too costly, and that the Americans would soon have cannon in place, the British decided to evacuate all of their forces and the loyalists from the town. The two sides agreed upon a cease-fire: the Americans because they feared the British would set fire to Boston as they left, the British because they didn't want to suffer the costs of evacuating under fire. On March 17 1776, the last troops and loyalists boarded ships in Boston harbour and set sail for Halifax, Nova Scotia. Margaret Draper, John's partner in the "Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News Letter", is listed as being amongst the loyalists evacuated from Boston to Halifax, and she was accompanied by John Howe.

In mid-1776, the British assembled troops on Staten Island. On August 22, they crossed over to Long Island, and on August 27, they engaged and defeated the Americans at the Battle of Long Island. A series of battles continued the New York Campaign, which was concluded with the British victory of Fort Washington on November 16 1776. On November 26, General Clinton and 6,000 troops were sent to take Newport, RI, which they succeeded in doing on December 1. After this victory, the British offered John Howe the position of Printer for the Provincial Forces. John Howe moved to Newport, RI, along with his fiancé, Martha Minns, and her brother, William Minns. He printed the first issue of the "Newport Gazette" on January 16 1777, and he continued printing that newspaper until the final issue of October 6 1779. During their stay in Newport, John Howe married Martha Minns on June 7 1778. John Howe was named in the Banishment Act of the State of Massachusetts, 1778, possibly as a result of his work as printer for the British forces in Newport, Rhode Island. During this period, John Howe took on John Ryan, a native of Newport, as his apprentice, who later became the printer of the first newspaper in New Brunswick and then the King's Printer in Newfoundland. [That William Minns was also in Newport is drawn from advertisements for things he had for sale in the Newport Gazette (from the microfilm of that paper). The information about John Ryan is drawn from the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online: http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=3644.]

On October 26 1779, the British evacuated their troops and the loyalists from Newport, RI, to New York. On Christmas Day, 1779, John and Martha Howe's first child, Martha Howe, was born in New York. Sometime during 1780, John Howe and his young family, along with his brother-in-law William Minns, quit New York for Halifax, Nova Scotia. John Ryan remained in New York until 1783, becoming a partner with William Lewis in the "New-York Mercury and General Advertiser".

Building a life in Halifax

On his return to Halifax, John Howe, published the first issue of the "Halifax Journal" on December 28, 1780. The paper remained in the Howe family until about 1819 and continued to be printed until about 1870. About half of the "Halifax Journal" was dedicated to foreign news and essays reprinted from European publications, there was a short Halifax section that covered shipping news and local events, and it reported on issues debated in the Assembly as well as laws and proclamations that were not covered in the "Nova Scotia Royal Gazette". John Howe's printing was notable for its quality. The type was carefully composed, the illustrations were well done, and the layout of stories and advertisements changed with each issue rather than filling the same preset layout. This set a superior standard for newspapers in the maritime colonies. In addition to the "Halifax Journal", John Howe also did general printing such as pamphlets and sermons, and he printed an annual Almanack. In 1789, he began printing the monthly "Nova Scotia Magazine and Comprehensive Review of Literature, Politics and News". John Howe began to serve as the magazine's editor in July 1790. In 1792, the "Nova Scotia Magazine" failed due to low subscriptions. [See http://www.slis.ualberta.ca/cap03/nancy/maritimes.htm and http://www2.lib.uoguelph.ca/resources/ebooks/printing_in_Canada/princanp4.htm]

During this period, John Howe's and Martha (Minns) Howe's family grew and suffered losses. On September 2 1782, their second child, Sarah Howe, was born, but she died at the age of 10 months on June 23 1783. On September 8 1784, John Howe, Jr., their third child, was born; in 1786 their fourth child, William Howe, was born; and in 1788, Jane Howe, their fifth child was born. On November 10 1790, David Howe, John Howe and Martha (Minns) Howe's sixth child was born, but Martha (Minns) Howe died of complications from the birth on November 25 1790. On December 25 1797, their first child, Martha Howe, married Edward Sentell. [Punch, Terrance M. and Marble, Allan E. "The Family of John Howe, Loyalist and King's Printer" in the "Nova Scotia Historical Quarterly", Vol. 6 (September, 1976), pp. 317-327.]

On October 25 1798, John Howe married his second wife, Mary (Ede) Austen, the widow of Henry Austen. Only a few months later, on January 19 1799, Martha (Howe) Sentell, the first child of John Howe and Martha (Minns) Howe died in childbirth. But happier events followed with the birth of Sarah Foster Howe in 1800, John Howe's seventh child and his first with Mary (Ede Austen) Howe. On December 4 1804, his last and best-known child, Joseph Howe, was born. [Punch, Terrance M. and Marble, Allan E., 1976.]

Meanwhile, John was appointed King's Printer in 1801, responsible for printing the Nova Scotia Royal Gazette and the Debates of the House of Assembly. In the same year, he was also appointed Postmaster of Halifax and "agent manager and director of His Majesty's Packet boats in Halifax," a position that was extended to Deputy Postmaster-General of Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and the Bermudas in 1803. The postmaster positions included expanding and improving delivery routes and establishing way stations as required.

John Howe's career as a spy

In 1803, as part of the British blockade of trade with the continent, which was part of the struggle against Napoleon's bid to conquer all of Europe, Britain ignored and violated American sovereignty by searching American ships trading with continental Europe (and therefore Napoleon's regime) and forcefully pressing American sailors into British service. In June, 1807, the "HMS Leopard" fired several shots on the "USS Chesapeake" when the American ship resisted a search and impressment attempt. Fearing that these events presaged war, Sir George Prevost, the Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia, arranged for a spy to tour the New England states and "observe whatever may be agitating." The man he chose for his spy was John Howe.

Howe traveled through the American seaboard states, arriving in Boston on April 22 1808, under the guise of visiting family and friends. He travelled from Boston to Washington, Norfolk, and New York. He reported on the political situation, predicted that Madison would be the next President, stated that there were French emissaries throughout the country, commented on the anti-British sentiment of the Irish in New York, and assessed the state of military preparedness. John Howe made a second trip to the United States from November 10 1808 to January 5 1809, but this visit was under the more official guise of "bearer of Dispatches to the British Minister", that minister being David Montagu, Baron Erskine of Restormel Castle, the British Envoy at Washington from 1806 to 1810. This mission included accompanying Baron Erskine to interviews with President Thomas Jefferson and President-elect James Madison. John Howe concluded that war with the United States could be avoided if the British blockade and tariff on ships entering French ports (which was having a devastating effect on the American economy) were rescinded, but if they were not, war was probably unavoidable and attacks on the British North American colonies were likely. When Madison declared war on Britain, beginning the War of 1812, he cited the British Orders in Council which established the blockade and tariff, just as John Howe had predicted, and attacks on the British North American colonies (later Canada) did occur.

John Howe's later years

After his brief career as a spy, John returned to his usual work as printer and postmaster in Halifax. On October 16, 1808, John Howe's eldest son, John Howe, Jr., married Henrietta Hians. In 1810, John Howe was appointed Justice of the Peace and Justice of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas. On October 9 1813, his sixth and youngest child from his first marriage, David Howe, married Elizabeth M. Gethens. In 1815, John Howe was given a special commission as Justice "for the better and more effective administration of the office of Justice of the Peace and for the establishment of an active, vigorous and effectual Police." John Howe played a role in the establishment of a "House of Correction" and improving the police in Halifax by having "the daily attendance of one Magistrate in some Public Office in Halifax, for managing the Police of the Town." With his growing duties as a Magistrate, John Howe retired from his offices as King's Printer and Postmaster in 1818, appointments that were then awarded to his son, John Howe, Jr.

As mentioned, John Howe was a religious man and a convert to the Sandemanian church. In Halifax, John served as an elder of the Sandemanian church, he served as a lay preacher to the community of 2000 blacks that fled the United States during the War of 1812 and settled in Halifax, and he made regular Sunday visits to the prison to preach to the inmates. He was a practicing pacifist, yet on at least one occasion he knocked together the heads of two young men who were fighting on the Sabbath. [Beck, J. Murray. 1982, Vol. I.]

After his retirement from his offices of King's Printer and Postmaster, John Howe continued to be active, serving as a magistrate. In 1822, Sarah Foster Howe, John's seventh child, married Daniel Langshaw, but in 1824, Sarah Foster (Howe) Langshaw died aboard ship on her way from Liverpool, England, to Lima, Peru, where she was planning to move with her husband. In 1826, John Howe's sixth child, David Howe, also died. But a happier family event followed on February 2, 1828, when Joseph Howe, John Howe's youngest child, married Catherine Susan Ann McNab. After this marriage, John Howe helped to produce his son's, Joseph Howe's, newspaper together with Joseph's wife, particularly when Joseph traveled. [Beck, J. Murray. "Joseph Howe, Vol. II, The Briton Becomes Canadian, 1848-1873" (Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1982).]

Howe was a serving magistrate when his youngest son, Joseph Howe, was charged with criminal libel for printing an anonymous letter that charged that the police and magistrates had embezzled £30,000 from the people of Halifax. Joseph Howe made it clear that his father was not one of the corrupt magistrates when he argued his own defense. Joseph won an acquittal in the case on March 3 1835, in a victory that was popularly seen as a triumph of freedom of the press and a blow to the corrupt governance of some of the magistrates. Just over eight months after Joseph won his case, but before Joseph had begun his political career, John Howe died in his sleep on December 27 1835, at 81 years of age. [Beck, J. Murray. 1982, Vol. II.]

Notes

References

* Beck, J. Murray. "Joseph Howe, Vol. I, Conservative Reformer, 1804-1848" (Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1982).
* Beck, J. Murray. "Joseph Howe, Vol. II, The Briton Becomes Canadian, 1848-1873" (Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1982).
* Grant, John N. "John Howe, Senior: Printer, Publisher, Postmaster, Spy," pp. 24-57, in "Eleven Exiles: Accounts of Loyalists of the American Revolution", Phyllis R. Blakeley and John N. Grant, eds. (Toronto and Charlottetown: Dundurn Press Ltd., 1982).
* Punch, Terrance M. and Marble, Allan E. "The Family of John Howe, Loyalist and King's Printer" in the "Nova Scotia Historical Quarterly", Vol. 6 (September, 1976), pp. 317-327.
* Thomas, Isaiah. "The History of Printing In America: with a Biography of Printers & an Account of Newspapers" (New York: Weathervane Press, 1970).
* "Massachusetts Gazette and Boston Weekly News Letter" (microfilm).
* "Newport Gazette" (microfilm).

External links

* [http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2923 Biography at the "Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online"]