André Gorz

André Gorz (February 1923 – September 22, 2007), also known by his pen name Michel Bosquet, was an Austrian and French social philosopher. Also a journalist, he co-founded "Le Nouvel Observateur" weekly in 1964. A supporter of Jean-Paul Sartre's existentialist version of Marxism after World War Two, in the aftermath of the May '68 student riots, he became more concerned with political ecology.

In the 1960s and 1970s, he was a main theorist in the New Left movement. His central theme was wage labour issues such as liberation from work, just distribution of work, social alienation, and Guaranteed basic income [ André Gorz, [http://societal.org/docs/55.htm Pour un revenu inconditionnel suffisant] , published in TRANSVERSALES/SCIENCE-CULTURE (n° 3, 3e trimestre 2002) fr icon] .

Career

Early life

Born in Vienna under the name of Gerhard Hirsch, he was the son of a Jewish wood salesman Fact|date=September 2007 and a Catholic mother, who came from a cultivated background and worked as a secretary. Although his parents did not have any strong sense of national or religious identity, the spreading anti-Semitism of the time led his father to convert to Catholicism in 1930. At the outbreak of World War II, his mother sent him to a Catholic institution in Lausanne in order to avoid his mobilization in the German military. Thereafter, Hirsch was stateless until 1954, when he was naturalized French thanks to Pierre Mendès-France's support Michel Contat, [http://multitudes.samizdat.net/article2724.html André Gorz, le philosophe et sa femme] , "Le Monde des livres", 26 October 2006, mirrored by "Multitudes" fr icon] . He graduated from the Engineers' School of the University of Lausanne in chemical engineering in 1945.

Working at first as a translator of American short stories published by a Swiss editor, he published his first articles in a cooperative journal. In 1946 he met Jean-Paul Sartre, whom he became close to. He was then mainly influenced by existentialism and phenomenology. Gorz contributed to the journals "Les Temps Modernes" (Paris) and "Technologie und Politik" (Reinbek). In June 1949 Gorz moved to Paris where he worked first at the international secretariat of the "Mouvement des Citoyens du Monde", then as private secretary of a military attaché of the embassy of India. He then entered "Paris-Presse" as a journalist, taking the pseudonym of Michel Bosquet. There, he met with Jean-Jacques Servan-Schreiber, who in 1955 recruited him as an economist journalist for "L'Express".

Alongside his journalistic activities, he worked closely with Sartre and adopted an existentialist approach to Marxism, leading him to emphasize the questions of alienation and of liberation in the framework of existential experience and an analysis of social systems from the viewpoint of individual experience. This intellectual framework formed the basis of his first books, "Le Traître" (Le Seuil, 1958, prefaced by Sartre [http://www.lefigaro.fr/culture/20070925.FIG000000166_le_philosophe_andre_gorz_et_sa_femme_se_sont_suicides.html Le philosophe André Gorz et sa femme se sont suicidés] , "Le Figaro", 25 September 2007 fr icon] ), "La Morale de l'histoire" (Le Seuil, 1959) and the "Fondements pour une morale" (Galilée, 1977, published fifteen years later), which he signed fotr the first time as André Gorz, from the name of the city where the eye-glasses given to his father by the Austrian Army were made.

1960s-1980s

Gorz also was a main theorist in the New Left movement, inspired by the young Marx, discussions of humanism and alienation and the liberation of mankind. Gorz was also influenced by the Frankfurt School, being a friend of Herbert Marcuse. Other friends of his included Rossana Rossanda, founder of "Il Manifesto" newspaper, or the photographer William Klein, and younger intellectuals such as Marc Kravetz or Tiennot Grumbach .

He strongly criticized Structuralism, because of its criticisms of the subject and of subjectivity. He called himself a "revolutionary-reformist", a democratic socialist who wanted to see system-changing reforms. In 1961, he entered the editorial committee of "Les Temps Modernes", introducing to French thought the Italian Garavini, the neo-keynesian and Communist Bruno Trentin, and the anarcho-syndicalist Vittorio Foa. [ On the relationship between Bruno Trentin and André Gorz, see Jean Daniel, "Tourner la terreur en dérision" in "Libération", September 1, 2007 [http://www.liberation.fr/transversales/weekend/275573.FR.php on-line] fr icon] . Imposing himself as the "intellectual leader of the 'Italian' tendency of the New Left" (Michel Contat [ Michel Contat, « Illustres inconnus et inconnus illustres : André Gorz », in "Le Débat", n° 50, p. 243. ] ), he influenced activists of the UNEF students' union and of the CFDT (in particular on Jean Auger, Michel Rolant and Fredo Krumnow) as a theorist of workers' self-management, recently embraced by the CFDT.

He directly addressed himself to trade-unions in "Stratégie ouvrière et néocapitalisme" (Le Seuil, 1964), where he criticized capitalist economic growth and expounded on the various strategies opened to trade-unions. The same year, he quit "L'Express" along with Serge Lafaurie, Jacques-Laurent Bost, K.S. Karol and Jean Daniel to found "Le Nouvel Observateur" weekly (using the pseudonym of Michel Bosquet).

Deeply affected by May '68, Gorz saw in these events a confirmation of his existential-Marxist posture, which joined the students' criticisms towards institutional and state organization (State, School, Family, Firm, etc.). Thereafter, Ivan Illich's thesis on education, medicine or the abolition of wage labour became the focus of his attention. He published one of Illich's speech in "Les Temps Modernes" in 1961, before meeting him in 1971 in "Le Nouvel Observateur" at the occasion of his publication of "Deschooling Society" ("Une Société sans école"). He later published a resume of Illich's "Tools for Conviviality" (1973) under the title "Libérer l'avenir" (Free Future). His links with Illich were strengthened after a trip to California in 1974, where he wrote several articles for "Le Nouvel Observateur" discussing Illich's thesis [ Thierry Paquot, [http://mondediplo.com/2003/01/15illich The Non-Conformist] , "Le Monde diplomatique", January 2003 en icon ( [http://www.monde-diplomatique.fr/2003/01/PAQUOT/9866 French version freely-available] , and Portuguese and Esperanto translations available) ] .

Gorz's evolution and political and philosophical stances led to some tensions with his colleagues on "Le Temps Moderne", for which he had assumed the chief editorial responsibilities in 1969. In April 1970, his article "Destroy the University" ("Détruire l'Université") provoked the resignation of Pontalis and Pingeaud. Gorz also criticized a Maoist tendency present in the journal since 1971 (and supported by Sartre). Finally, in 1974 Gorz resigned as the editor of "Les Temps Modernes", following a disagreement concerning an article about the Italian autonomist group "Lotta Continua". At the same time, he found himself he was forced to the periphery of "Le Nouvel Observateur", being replaced by more classically-orientated economists, while he followed at the same time a campaign against nuclear industry — to which EDF, the state electricity firm, replied by withdrawing advertisements from the weekly. Following the weekly's refusal to let him publish a special issue on the nuclear issue, he published it in the "Que Choisir?" consumers' magazine.

In the same time, Gorz was becoming a leading figure of political ecology, his ideas being spread in particular by the ecologist monthly "Le Sauvage", founded by Alain Hervé, the creator of the French section of the Friends of the Earth. In 1975, he published "Ecologie et politique" (Galilée, 1975), which included the essay "Ecologie et liberté", "one of the foundational texts of the ecologic problematic" (Françoise Gollain [Françoise Gollain, "Pensée écologique et critique du travail dans une perspective gorzienne", Orléans, Ph.D. en economic sciences, 1999, p. 113] ).

He was also influenced by Louis Dumont in considering Marxism and Liberalism to be two versions of economist thought. Gorz then opposed himself both to hedonist individualism and utilitarianism and to materialist and productivist collectivism, defending a humanist version of ecology similar to social ecology which is opposed to deep ecology. Gorz's ecologism, however, remained linked to a critique of Capitalism, as he called for an "ecological, social and cultural revolution which would abolish the constraints of Capitalism" [ French: "« révolution écologique, sociale et culturelle qui abolisse les contraintes du capitalisme"», quoted by Françoise Gollain, "op. cit.", p. 13] .

1980s-2000s

A year before the election of the left-wings' candidate, François Mitterrand, to the presidency, he published "Adieux au prolétariat" (Galilée, 1980 - Farewell to the Proletariat) where he criticized the cult of the Proletarian class in Marxism. Although the book was not well received among the French Left, it did receive attention from younger readers. In the 1980s, Gorz left the editorial board of "Les Temps Modernes" after Sartre's death in 1980. Then, he was critical of Marxism in "Les Chemins du paradis" (Galilée, 1983). Finally, he broke with the pacifist movements in 1983 when he refused to oppose the deployment of Pershing II missiles by the United States in West Germany. The same year, he resigned from "Le Nouvel Observateur". In the 1990s and 2000s, the journals "Multitudes" [ Toni Negri, [http://multitudes.samizdat.net/article414.html Recension. Misères du présent, richesses du possible de André Gorz] , on-line on "Multitudes" since April 1998 fr icon] ), and "EcoRev'" published his articles.

Gorz was also critical to Post-Structuralism and Postmodernism thinking of thinkers such as Toni Negri. His point of view was rooted in early Marxist humanism thinking. The libertation from Wage-slavery and social alienation was still one of his goals, even in his later works. He was never became an abstract theorist; his reasoning usually conclued with proposals for how to act to make changes. In "Métamorphoses du travail" (Galilée, 1988 - Metamorphosis of Labour), Gorz argued that capitalism used personal investments from the worker which were not paid back. As such, he became an advocate of Guaranteed basic income, independent from "labour." He made such an proposal in his book,"Critique of Economic Reason",1989, and argued:

"From the point where it takes only 1,000 hours per year or 20,000 to 30,000 hours per lifetime to create an amount of wealth equal to or greater than the amount we create at the present time in 1,600 hours per year or 40,000 to 50,000 hours in a working life, we must all be able to obtain a real income equal to or higher than our current salaries in exchange for a greatly reduced quantity of work. In practice, this means that in the future we must receive our full monthly income every month even if we work full-time only one month in every two or six months in a year or even two years out of four, so as to complete a personal, family or community project, or experiment with different lifestyles, just as we now receive our full salaries during paid holidays, training courses, possibly during periods of sabbatical leave, and so forth...."

He pointed out that in "contrast to the guaranteed social minimum granted by the state to those unable to find regular paid work, our regular monthly income will be the normal remuneration we have earned by performing the normal amount of labour the economy requires each individual to supply. The fact that the amount of labour required is so low that work can become intermittent and constitute an activity amongst a number of others, should not be an obstacle to its being remunerated by a full monthly income throughout one's life. This income corresponds to the portion of socially produced wealth to which each individual is entitled by virtue to their participation in the social process of production. It is, however, no longer a true salary, since it is not dependent on the amount of labour supplied (in the month or year) and is not intended to remunerate individuals as workers."

Death

Gorz and his wife committed suicide together in his home in Vosnon (Aube). His wife had been diagnosed with a terminal illness and they had already said that neither wanted to survive the other's death. Their bodies were found on the 24th of September 2007 by a friend, both having died after a lethal injection. [AFP, "French philosopher commits suicide with wife," 25 September 2007 [http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5gjWhcNZrlESesEMdHb_hDiVUXltQ on-line] en icon] His book "Lettre à D. Histoire d'un amour" (Galilée, 2006) was dedicated to his wife, and was in fact for him a way to tell of the love he had for her.

Works

Books

* "La morale de l'histoire" (Seuil, 1959)
* "Stratégie ouvrière et néocapitalisme" (Seuil, 1964)
* "Socialism and Revolution" (first published in France in 1967 as "Le socialisme difficile")
* "Réforme et révolution" (Seuil, 1969)
* "Critique du capitalisme quotidien" (Galilée, 1973)
* "Critique de la division du travail" (Seuil, 1973. Collective work)
* "Ecology As Politics" (South End Press, 1979 - Galilée, 1975)
* "Écologie et liberté" (Galilée, 1977)
* "Fondements pour une morale" (Galilée, 1977)
* "The Traitor" (1980, first published in 1957 by Le Seuil)
* "Farewell to the Working Class" (1980 - Galilée and Le Seuil, 1983, "Adieux au Prolétariat")
* "Paths to Paradise" (1985 - Galilée, 1983)
* [http://www.antenna.nl/~waterman/gorz.html Critique of Economic Reason (1989)]
* "Capitalism, Socialism, Ecology" (1994 - Galilée, 1991)
* "Misères du présent, richesse du possible" (Galilée, 1997)
* "Reclaiming Work: Beyond the Wage-Based Society" (1999)
* "L'immatériel - Connaissance, valeur et capital" (Galilée, 2003, in French)
* "Lettre à D. Histoire d'un amour" (Galilée, 2006 - [http://www.psychologies.com/cfml/article/c_article.cfm?id=6421 extract on-line] )
* "Ecologia" (Galilée 2008)

Essays

*Article : Misreading Gorz.by Finn Bowring - author.se New Left Review. 1996. Page Number: 102]
* "The American Model and the Future of the Left". "TELOS" 64 (Summer 1985). New York: [http://www.telospress.com Telos Press]

Audio

* Radio diffusion : France Culture dedicated on 14 October 2005 an emission to Gorz: "Philosophie en situations : André Gorz, philosophe d'avenir" by François Noudelmann (realisation: Pierrette Perrono)
* Radio diffusion : France Culture diffused a portrait of André Gorz, on 20 December 2006, in the radio show "Surpris par la nuit", (realisation by Gaël Gillon and production by Béatrice Leca).

Interviews

[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L_inyMgPuzM Interview with Andre Gorz (video in German)]

[http://info.interactivist.net/article.pl?sid=03/03/05/2045259 Interview with Gorz 1983-Farewell to to the Proletariat (text in English)]

[http://www.verds-alternativaverda.org/upload/AGorz%20entrevistes.pdf Entrevistas a Andre Gorz : Clarín y Michel Zlotowski, 1999. Traducción de Cristina Sardoy (in Spanish) - Les périphériques vous parlent, printemps 1998 (in French)]

References

External links

* [http://www.antenna.nl/~waterman/gorz.html Appendix to Critique of Economic Reason: Summary for Trade Union and Other Left Activists]
* [http://tmtm.free.fr/www.lesperipheriques.org/ancien-site/journal/10/fr1043.html « Oser l'exode » de la société de travail] dans "Les périphériques vous parlent" n° 10, printemps 1998, pp. 43-49 fr icon
* [http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/2007/nov/07/guardianobituaries.obituaries André Gorz French philosopher who pioneered ideas of political ecology The Guardian 7 Nov 2007]
* [http://mrzine.monthlyreview.org/sitas260907.html Monthly Review-Gorz-Key Thinker and Democratic Socialist(english)]
* [http://multitudes.samizdat.net/auteur254.html Page dedicated to André Gorz] on "Multitudes"
* [http://multitudes.samizdat.net/spip.php?article1145 « L’immatériel » d’André Gorz] , by Yann Moulier-Boutang, "Multitudes", 2003 fr icon
* [http://www.verts92.net/article.php3?id_article=441 Extract of an article] published in March 1974 in "Les Temps Modernes" fr icon
* [http://www.streifzuege.org/texte_andere/str_autor_gorz_andre-gorz-ist-tot.html Articles] in the journal Streifzüge de icon
* [http://www.keimform.de/2007/09/24/andre-gorz-tot/ Blog entry] concerning the death of Andre Gorz and his wife de icon
* [http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/books/book_extracts/article2651472.ece 'My love, I cannot live without you'] - On Gorz and his wife after their death"
* [http://www.radicalphilosophy.com/default.asp?channel_id=2191&editorial_id=25733 Finn Bowring, “The Writer’s Malady: André Gorz, 1923–2007” ] Obituary published in "Radical Philosophy" (March/April 2008)
* [http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Forum/8886/gorz.html El suicidio de André Gorz y su mujer] (Spanish) artículo del escritor colombiano [http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Uribe Germán Uribe]