Athlon 64

The Athlon 64 is an eighth-generation, AMD64 architecture microprocessor produced by AMD, released on September 23, 2003.cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543_10218~74465,00.html|title=AMD Ushers in Era of Cinematic Computing with the AMD Athlon 64 FX Processor|accessdate=2006-07-04|date=2003-09-23] It is the third processor to bear the name "Athlon", and the immediate successor to the Athlon XP.cite web|url=http://techreport.com/reviews/2003q3/athlon64/index.x?pg=1|title=AMD's Athlon 64 Processor|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2003-09-23|last=Wasson|first=Scott] The second processor (after the Opteron) to implement AMD64 architecture and the first 64-bit processor targeted at the average consumer,cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543~62652,00.html|title=AMD Announces “AMD Athlon 64” As Brand Name For Next-Generation Desktop And Mobile Processors|accessdate=2006-07-04|date=2002-11-19] it was AMD's primary consumer microprocessor, and competes primarily with Intel's Pentium 4, especially the "Prescott" and "Cedar Mill" core revisions. It is AMD's first K8, eighth-generation processor core for desktop and mobile computers.cite web|url=http://www.cpuid.com/reviews/K8/index.php|title=CPUID.com - AMD K8 Architecture|accessdate=2006-07-04|date=2004-02-18] Despite being natively 64-bit, the AMD64 architecture is backward-compatible with 32-bit x86 instructions.cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487%5e9493,00.html|title=Key Architecture Features|accessdate=2006-07-04] Athlon 64s have been produced for Socket 754, Socket 939, Socket 940, and Socket AM2.

History

All of the 64-bit processors sold by AMD so far have their genesis in the "K8" or "Hammer" project.

The Athlon 64 was originally codenamed "ClawHammer" by AMD, and was referred to as such internally and in press releases. The first Athlon 64 FX was based on the first Opteron core, "SledgeHammer". Both cores, produced on a 130 nanometer process, were first introduced on September 23, 2003. The models first available were the FX-51, fitting Socket 940, and the 3200+, fitting Socket 754.cite web|url=http://news.com.com/2100-1006_3-5080217.html|title=AMD's Athlon steps up to 64 bits|accessdate=2006-07-06|date=2003-09-23|last=Spooner|first=John|publisher=CNET] Like the Opteron, on which it was based, the Athlon FX-51 required buffered RAM, increasing the final cost of an upgrade.cite web|url=http://www.a1-electronics.net/AMD_Section/CPUs/Athlon_64+FX_Sept03.shtml|title=AMD Athlon 64 & FX CPU processor|accessdate=2006-07-06] The week of the Athlon 64's launch, Intel released the Pentium 4 Extreme Edition, a CPU designed to compete with the Athlon 64 FX.cite web|url=http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleID=808|title=Intel Pentium 4 3.2 GHz Extreme Edition Processor Review|accessdate=2006-07-08|date=2003-11-07|last=Angelini|first=C.] The Extreme Edition was widely considered a marketing ploy to draw publicity away from AMD, and was quickly nicknamed among some circles the "Emergency Edition".cite web|url=http://www.aceshardware.com/read.jsp?id=60000253|title=Athlon 64, Athlon 64 FX and Pentium 4 Extreme Edition|accessdate=2006-07-06|date=2003-09-23|last=De Gelas|first=Johan] Despite a very strong demand for the chip, AMD was plagued by early manufacturing difficulties that made it difficult to deliver Athlon 64s in quantity. In the early months of the Athlon 64 lifespan, AMD could only produce one hundred thousand chips per month.cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20030922080550.html|title=AMD Athlon 64: Strong Demand or Weak Supply?|accessdate=2006-07-06|date=2003-09-22|last=Shilov|first=Anton] However, it was very competitive in terms of performance to the Pentium 4, with magazine PC World calling it the "fastest yet".cite web|url=http://www.pcworld.com/news/article/0,aid,112603,00.asp|title=First Tests of Athlon 64 PCs: Fastest Yet|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2003-09-23|last=Mainelli|first=Tom] "Newcastle" was released soon after ClawHammer, with half the Level 2 cache.cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.html?i=1941|title=AMD's Athlon 64 3400+: Death of the FX-51|accessdate=2006-07-06|date=2004-01-06|last=Lal Shimpi|first=Anand]

On June 1, 2004, AMD released new versions of both the ClawHammer and Newcastle core revisions for the newly-introduced Socket 939, an altered Socket 940 without the need for buffered memory.cite web|url=http://www.short-media.com/review.php?r=247|title=Socket 940 vs. 939|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2004-06-27] Socket 939 offered two main improvements over Socket 754: the memory controller was altered with dual-channel architecture,cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/athlon64-3800.html|title=Meeting First Socket 939 Processors: AMD Athlon 64 3800+ and Athlon 64 3500+|accessdate=2006-07-07|last=Gavrichenkov|first=Ilya|date=2004-06-01] doubling peak memory bandwidth, and the HyperTransport bus was increased in speed from 800 MHz to 1000 MHz.cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/2004/06/01/amd/|title=AMD's Socket 939 Offers More with Much of the Same|accessdate=2006-07-06|date=2004-06-01|last=Schmid|first=Patrick|coauthors=Bert Töpelt] Socket 939 also was introduced in the FX series in the form of the FX-55.cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/athlon64-fx55.html|title=AMD Raises the Bar: AMD Athlon 64 FX-55 and AMD Athlon 64 4000+ CPUs Review|accessdate=2006-07-06|date=2004-10-18|last=Gavrichenkov|first=Ilya] At the same time, AMD also began to ship the "Winchester" core, based on a 90 nanometer process.

Core revisions "Venice" and "San Diego" succeeded all previous revisions on April 15, 2005. Venice, the lower-end part, was produced for both Sockets 754 and 939, and included 512 KiB of L2 cache.cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/athlon64-venice.html|title=AMD Athlon 64 3800+ CPU: E3 Processor Core aka Venice at the Door|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-04-03|last=Gavrichenkov|first=Ilya] San Diego, the higher-end chip, was produced only for Socket 939 and doubled Venice's L2 cache to one MiB.cite web|url=http://www.techgage.com/review.php?id=2790|title=AMD64 3700+ San Diego S939 2.2 GHz|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-09-21|last=King|first=Greg] Both were produced on the 90 nm fabrication process.cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=481859&seqNum=20|title=Microprocessor Types and Specifications|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2006-06-12] Both also included support for the SSE3 instruction set,cite web|url=http://techreport.com/reviews/2005q2/athlon64-venice/index.x?pg=1|title=AMD's Athlon 64 3800+ "Venice" processor|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-05-17|last=Wasson|first=Scott] a new feature that had been included in the rival Pentium 4 since the release of the Prescott core in February 2004.cite web|url=http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=339098|title=Enter Prescott: What's different about Intel's latest Pentium 4 variant?|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2004-07-01] In addition, AMD overhauled the memory controller for this revision, resulting in performance improvements as well as support for newer DDR RAM.cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/athlon64-e3-mem.html|title=AMD Athlon 64 Processors on E Core: Memory Controller Peculiarities in Detail|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-07-28|last=Gavrichenkov|first=Ilya]

Dual-core Athlon 64

On April 21, 2005, less than a week after the release of Venice and San Diego, AMD announced its next addition to the Athlon 64 line, the Athlon 64 X2.cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543_13743~97108,00.html|title=AMD Announces World’s First 64-Bit, x86 Multi-Core Processors For Servers And Workstations At Second-Anniversary Celebration Of AMD Opteron Processor|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-04-21] Released on May 31, 2005,cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543~98647,00.html|title=AMD “Shatters The Hourglass” With The Arrival Of The AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core Processor|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-05-31] it also initially had two different core revisions available to the public, Manchester and Toledo, the only appreciable difference between them being the amount of L2 cache.cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.aspx?i=2484|title=Affordable Dual Core from AMD: Athlon 64 X2 3800+|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-08-01|last=Lal Shimpi|first=Anand] Both were released only for Socket 939.cite web|url=http://www.sharkyextreme.com/hardware/cpu/article.php/3565416|title=Athlon 64 X2 4600+ & 4200+ Processor Review|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-11-18|last=Freeman|first=Vince] A response to Intel's dual core Pentium D, the Athlon 64 X2 was received very well by reviewers and the general public, with a general consensus emerging that AMD's implementation of multi-core was superior to that of the Pentium D.cite web|url=http://reviews.cnet.com/4520-10442_7-6389077-9.html?tag=lnav|title=CNET Prizefight: AMD vs. Intel dual-core CPUs|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-11-23|last=Brown|first=Rich] cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/2005/05/09/amd/|title=AMD's Dual Core Athlon 64 X2 Strikes Hard|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-05-09|last=Schmid|first=Patrick] Some felt initially that the X2 would cause market confusion with regard to price points since the new processor was targeted at the same "enthusiast," US$350 and above marketcite web|url=http://www.ehomeupgrade.com/entry/1213/amd_introduces_the|title=AMD Introduces The AMD Athlon 64 X2 Dual-Core Processor 3800+|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-08-02] already occupied by AMD's existing socket 939 Athlon 64s.cite web|url=http://www.hardocp.com/article.html?art=NzY2|title=AMD Athlon 64 X2 Preview|accessdate=2006-07-07|last=Bennett|first=Kyle|date=2005-05-09] AMD's official breakdown of the chips placed the Athlon X2 aimed at a segment they called the "prosumer", along with digital media fans. The Athlon 64 was targeted at the mainstream consumer, and the Athlon FX at gamers. The Sempron budget processor was targeted at value-conscious consumers.cite web|url=http://www.hardocp.com/image.html?
title=AMD_Desktop_Processor_Positioning|accessdate=2006-07-07]

DDR2

The Athlon 64 had been maligned by some critics for some time because of its lack of support for DDR2 SDRAM, an emerging technology that had been adopted much earlier by Intel.cite web|url=http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=132|title=AMD Athlon 64 Rev F Update: DDR2 and Socket M2?|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2005-04-26|last=Shrout|first=Ryan] AMD's official position was that the CAS latency on DDR2 had not progressed to a point where it would be advantageous for the consumer to adopt it.cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/memory/display/20040326063601.html|title=AMD Rejects DDR2, Gives Additional Speed Headroom for DDR|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2004-03-26|last=Shilov|first=Anton] AMD finally remedied this gap with the "Orleans" core revision, the first Athlon 64 to fit Socket AM2, released on May 23, 2006.cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/Corporate/VirtualPressRoom/0,,51_104_543~108605,00.html|title=AMD Delivers Desktop Product Powerhouse While Reducing Costs For Ecosystem Partners|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2006-05-23] "Windsor", an Athlon 64 X2 revision for Socket AM2, was released concurrently. Both Orleans and Windsor have either 512KiB or 1MiB of L2 cache per core.cite web|url=http://www.digital-daily.com/cpu/amd_am2_4000/|title=Debut of AMD AM2: the long-awaited DDR2 on AMD Athlon X2|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2006-05-23|last=Romanchenko|first=Vladimir|coauthors=Sofronov, Dmitry] The Athlon 64 FX-62 was also released concurrently on the Socket AM2 platform.cite web|url=http://www.pcper.com/article.php?aid=252&type=expert|title=AMD's AM2 Platform: Athlon 64 FX-62 Processor Review|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2006-05-23|last=Shrout|first=Ryan] Socket AM2 also consumes less power than previous platforms, and supports AMD's virtualization technology.cite web|url=http://www.short-media.com/review.php?r=316|title=AMD Socket AM2 Review|accessdate=2006-07-07|date=2006-05-23]

The memory controller used in all DDR2 SDRAM capable processors (Socket AM2), has extended column address range of 11 columns instead of conventional 10 columns, and the support of 16 kb page size, with at most 2048 individual entries supported. An OCZ unbuffered DDR2 kit, optimized for 64-bit operating systems, was released to exploit the functionality provided by the memory controller in socket AM2 processors, allowing the memory controller to stay longer on the same page, thus benefitting graphics intensive applications. [cite web|url=http://www.ocztechnology.com/products/memory/ocz_ddr2_pc2_5400_am2_special_4gb-8gb_kit|title=OCZ product page]

Features

There are four variants: "Athlon 64", "Athlon 64 FX", "Mobile Athlon 64" (later renamed "Turion 64") and the dual-core "Athlon 64 X2".cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9484,00.html|title=AMD Athlon 64 Processor Family|accessdate=2006-07-04] Common among the Athlon 64 line are a variety of instruction sets including MMX, 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, and SSE3.cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/assets/content_type/white_papers_and_tech_docs/24659.PDF|title=AMD Athlon 64 Product Data Sheet|accessdate=2006-07-08|month=June | year=2004|format=PDF] All Athlon 64s also support the NX bit, a security feature named "Enhanced Virus Protection" by AMD.cite news|title='No Execute' Flag Waves Off Buffer Attacks|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A55209-2005Feb26.html|last=Breeden II|first=John|publisher=The Washington Post|date=2005-02-27|accessdate=2006-07-08|page=F07] And as implementations of the AMD64 architecture, all Athlon 64 variants are able to run 16 bit, 32 bit x86, and AMD64 code, through two different modes the processor can run in: "Legacy mode" and "long mode". Legacy mode runs 16-bit and 32-bit programs natively, and long mode runs 64-bit programs natively, but also allows for 32-bit programs running inside a 64-bit operating system.cite web|url=http://www.hothardware.com/viewarticle.aspx?articleid=202&catid=1|title=The Athlon 64 FX-51 Processor|accessdate=2006-07-08|date=2003-09-23] All Athlon 64 processors feature 128 kibibytes of level 1 cache, and at least 512 kibibytes of level 2 cache.

The Athlon 64 features an on-die memory controller, a feature not previously seen on x86 CPUs. Not only does this mean the controller runs at the same clock rate as the CPU itself, it also means the electrical signals have a shorter physical distance to travel compared to the old northbridge interfaces.cite web|url=http://www.pcstats.com/articleview.cfm?articleid=1469&page=5|title=AMD Athlon64 3200+ 32/64-bit Processor Review|accessdate=2006-07-07] The result is a significant reduction in latency (response time) for access requests to main memory.cite web|url=http://www.neoseeker.com/Articles/Hardware/Reviews/venice3800/|title=Athlon 64 Venice 3800+ Review|accessdate=2006-07-07|last=Tong|first=Terren|date=2005-05-03] The lower latency is often cited as one of the advantages of the Athlon 64's architecture over those of its competitors.cite web|url=http://www.hardocp.com/article.html?art=NTI0LDQ=|title=Athlon 64 Vs. Pentium 4|accessdate=2006-07-04]

Translation Lookaside Buffers (TLBs) have also been enlarged (40 4k/2M/4M entries in L1 cache, 512 4k entries),cite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/hammer-preview.html|title=A Glance at the Future: AMD Hammer Processors and x86-64 Technology|accessdate=2006-07-08|date=2002-08-14] with reduced latencies and improved branch prediction, with four times the number of bimodal counters in the global history counter. This and other architectural enhancements, especially as regards SSE implementation, improve instruction per cycle (IPC) performance over the previous Athlon XP generation. To make this easier for consumers to understand, AMD has chosen to market the Athlon 64 using a PR (Performance Rating) system, where the numbers roughly map to Pentium 4 performance equivalents, rather than actual clock speed.cite web|url=http://www.cpu-world.com/info/AMD/Athlon-model-number.html|title=AMD Athlon XP/MP, Sempron and Athlon 64 model numbers|accessdate=2006-07-08]

Athlon 64 also features CPU speed throttling technology branded "Cool'n'Quiet", a feature similar to Intel's "SpeedStep" that can throttle the processor's clock speed back to facilitate lower power consumption and heat production.cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9487%5E10272,00.html|title=Cool'n'Quiet Technology Overview|accessdate=2006-07-08] When the user is running undemanding applications and the load on the processor is light, the processor's clock speed and voltage are reduced. This in turn reduces its peak power consumption (max TDP set at 89 W by AMD) to as low as 32 W (stepping C0, clock speed reduced to 800 MHz) or 22W (stepping CG, clock speed reduced to 1 GHz). The Athlon 64 also has an Integrated Heat Spreader (IHS) which prevents the CPU core from accidentally being damaged when mounting and unmounting cooling solutions. With prior AMD CPUs a CPU shim could be used by people worried about damaging the core.

The No Execute bit (NX bit) supported by Windows Vista, Windows XP Service Pack 2,cite web|url=http://hardware.earthweb.com/chips/article.php/3358421|title=CPU-Based Security: The NX Bit|accessdate=2006-07-04|date=2004-05-24|last=Grevstad|first=Eric] Windows XP Professional x64 Edition, Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition, and Linux 2.6.8 and higher is also included, for improved protection from malicious buffer overflow security threats. Hardware-set permission levels make it much more difficult for malicious code to take control of the system. It is intended to make 64-bit computing a more secure environment.

The Athlon 64 CPUs have been produced with 130 nm and 90 nm SOI process technologies.cite web|url=http://www.techreport.com/onearticle.x/7417|accessdate=2006-09-20|title=AMD 90 nm power consumption measured|last=Wasson|first=Scott|date=2004-10-04] All of the latest chips (Winchester, Venice and San Diego models) are on 90 nm. The Venice and San Diego models also incorporate dual stress liner technologycite web|url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/athlon64-venice_2.html|title=AMD Athlon 64 3800+ CPU: E3 Processor Core aka Venice at the Door|accessdate=2006-09-20|date=2005-04-03|last=Gavrichenkov|first=Ilya] (an amalgam of strained silicon and 'squeezed silicon', the latter of which is not actually a technology) co-developed with IBM.cite web|url=http://techzone.pcvsconsole.com/news.php?tzd=2861|title=AMD, IBM Dual Stress Liner Semiconductor Manufacturing Breakthrough|accessdate=2006-09-20|date=2004-12-13]

As the memory controller is integrated onto the CPU die, there is no FSB for the system memory to base its speed upon.cite web|url=http://experts.about.com/q/Computer-Science-3197/Side-Bus.htm|title=Front Side Bus|accessdate=2006-09-20|date=2006-09-09] Instead, system memory speed is obtained by using the following formula (using the ceiling function): [PC Magazine]

:$frac\{mathrm\{CPU~speed\{leftlceilfrac\{mathrm\{CPU~multiplier\{mathrm\{DRAM~divider\; ight\; ceil\}=mathrm\{DRAM~speed\}$

In simpler terms, the memory is always running at a set fraction of the CPU speed, with the divisor being a whole number. A 'FSB' figure is still used to determine the CPU speed, but the RAM speed is no longer directly related to this 'FSB' figure (known otherwise as the LDT).

To summarize, the Athlon 64 architecture features two buses from the CPU. One is the HT bus to the northbridge connecting the CPU to the chipset and device attachment bus (PCIe, AGP, PCI) and the other is the memory bus which connects the on-board memory controller to the bank of either DDR or DDR2 DRAM.

Athlon 64 FX

The Athlon 64 FX is positioned as a hardware enthusiast product, marketed by AMD especially toward gamers.cite web|url=http://www.amd.com/us-en/Processors/ProductInformation/0,,30_118_9485_9488%5E9536,00.html|title=AMD Athlon 64 FX Processor Product Brief|accessdate=2006-07-04] Unlike the standard Athlon 64, all of the Athlon 64 FX processors have their multipliers completely unlocked.cite web|url=http://www.ocmodshop.com/ocmodshop.aspx?a=324|title=AMD Athlon 64 FX-60 Review|accessdate=2006-07-08|date=2006-07-05|last=Leeth|first=Tim] The FX line is now dual-core, starting with the FX-60.cite web|url=http://www.anandtech.com/cpuchipsets/showdoc.aspx?i=2668|title=AMD Athlon 64 FX-60: A Dual-Core farewell to Socket-939|accessdate=2006-07-08|date=2006-01-09|last=Lal Shimpi|first=Anand] The FX always has the highest clock speed of all Athlons at its release.cite web|url=http://www.tomshardware.com/2006/01/10/amd_athlon_fx_60_dual_core_assault/page2.html|title=AMD Athlon FX-60's Dual-Core Assault|accessdate=2006-07-08|date=2006-01-10|last=Schmid|first=Patrick|coauthors=Töpelt, Bert] From FX-70 onwards, the line of processors will also support dual-processor setup with NUMA, named AMD Quad FX platform.

Athlon 64 X2

The Athlon 64 X2 is the first dual-core desktop CPU manufactured by AMD.In 2007, AMD released two final Athlon 64 X2 versions: the AMD Athlon 64 X2 6400+ and 5000+ Black Editions. Both processors feature an unlocked multiplier, which allows for a large range of overclocked settings. The 6400+ is based on a 90nm Windsor core (3.2GHz, 2x1MB L2, 125W TDP) while the 5000+ is based on a 65nm Brisbane core (2.6GHz, 2x512KB L2, 65W TDP). These Black Edition processors are available at retail, but AMD does not include heatsinks in the retail package.

Turion 64 (formerly Mobile Athlon 64)

Previously introduced as "Mobile Athlon 64", Turion 64 is now the brand name AMD applies to its 64-bit low-consumption ("mobile") processors codenamed "K8L". [ [http://www.theinquirer.net/default.aspx?article=37444 The Inquirer report] ] The Turion 64 and Turion 64 X2 processors compete with Intel's mobile processors, initially the "Pentium M" and currently the Intel Core and Intel Core 2 processors.

Earlier Turion 64 processors are compatible with AMD's Socket 754. The newer "Richmond" models are designed for AMD's Socket S1. They are equipped with 512 or 1024 KiB of L2 cache, a 64-bit single channel on-die memory controller, and an 800 MHz HyperTransport bus. Battery saving features, like "PowerNow!", are central to the marketing and usefulness of these CPUs.

Model naming methodology

The model naming scheme does not make it obvious how to compare one Turion with another, or even an Athlon 64. The model name is two letters, a dash, and a two digit number (for example, ML-34). The two letters together designate a processor class, while the number represents a PR rating. The first letter is M for single core processors and T for dual core Turion 64 X2 processors. The later in the alphabet that the second letter appears, the more the model has been designed for mobility (frugal power consumption). Take for instance, an MT-30 and an ML-34. Since the T in the MT-30 is later in the alphabet than the L in ML-34, the MT-30 consumes less power than the ML-34. But since 34 is greater than 30, the ML-34 is faster than the MT-30.

ockets

* Socket 754: The Athlon 64 value/budget line, 64-bit memory interface (Single-Channel)
* Socket 939: Athlon 64 performance line, Athlon 64 X2s, and newer Athlon 64 FXs, Opteron, 128-bit memory interface (Dual-channel)
* Socket 940: Opteron and old Athlon 64 FX, 128-bit memory interface - requires registered DDR memory
* Socket AM2: Athlon 64/Athlon 64 FX/Athlon 64 X2/Sempron, 940 Pins (Not compatible with Socket 940); the first AMD socket to use DDR2 SDRAM.
* Socket F: Opteron, 1207 Pins
* Socket F (1207 FX): Athlon 64 FX on AMD Quad FX platform, also compatible for dual-processor Opteron 2200 series [cite web|url=http://dailytech.com/article.aspx?newsid=5968|title=DialyTech report: AMD Opteron 2200-series Works in Quad FX Motherboards]

At the introduction of Athlon 64 in September 2003, only Socket 754 and Socket 940 (Opteron) were ready and available. The onboard memory controller was not capable of running unbuffered (non-registered) memory in dual-channel mode at the time of release; as a stopgap measure, they introduced the Athlon 64 on Socket 754, and brought out a non-multiprocessor version of the Opteron called the Athlon 64 FX, as a multiplier unlocked enthusiast part for Socket 940, comparable to Intel's Pentium 4 Extreme Edition for the high end market.

In June 2004, AMD released Socket 939 as the mainstream Athlon 64 with dual-channel memory interface, leaving Socket 940 solely for the server market (Opterons), and relegating Socket 754 as a value/budget line, for Semprons and slower versions of the Athlon 64. Eventually Socket 754 replaced Socket A for Semprons.

In May 2006, AMD released Socket AM2, which provided support for the DDR2 memory interface. Also, this marked the release of AMD's Virtualization technology.

In August 2006, AMD released Socket F for Opteron server CPU which uses the LGA chip form factor.

In November 2006, AMD released a specialized version of Socket F, called 1207 FX, for dual-socket, dual-core Athlon FX processors on the Quad FX platform. While Socket F Opterons already allowed for four processor cores, Quad FX allowed unbuffered RAM and expanded CPU/chipset configuration in the BIOS. Consequentially, Socket F and F 1207 FX are incompatible and require different processors, chipsets, and motherboards.

Athlon 64 FX models

ledgehammer (130 nm SOI)

* CPU-Stepping: C0, CG
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 1024 KiB, fullspeed
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, AMD64
* Socket 940, 800 MHz HyperTransport (HT800)
* Registered DDR-SDRAM required
* VCore: 1.50/1.55 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 89 Watt max
* First Release: September 23, 2003
* Clockrate: 2200 MHz (FX-51, C0), 2400 MHz (FX-53, C0 and CG)

Clawhammer (130 nm SOI)

* CPU-Stepping: CG
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 1024 KiB, fullspeed
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, AMD64
* Socket 939, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000)
* VCore: 1.50 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 89 Watt (FX-55:104 Watt)
* First Release: June 1, 2004
* Clockrate: 2400 MHz (FX-53), 2600 MHz (FX-55)

an Diego (90 nm SOI)

* CPU-Stepping: E4, E6
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 1024 KiB, fullspeed
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit
* Socket 939, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000)
* VCore: 1.35 V or 1.40 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 104 Watt max
* First Release: April 15, 2005
* Clockrate: 2600 MHz (FX-55), 2800 MHz (FX-57)

Toledo (90 nm SOI)

Dual-core CPU
* CPU-Stepping: E6
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions), per core
* L2-Cache: 1024 KiB fullspeed, per core
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit
* Socket 939, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000)
* VCore: 1.30 V - 1.35 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 110 Watt max
* First Release: January 10, 2006
* Clockrate: 2600 MHz (FX-60)

Windsor (90 nm SOI)

Dual-core CPU
* CPU-Stepping: F2, F3
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions), per core
* L2-Cache: 512 - 1024 KiB fullspeed, per core
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit, AMD Virtualization
* Socket AM2, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000)
* VCore: 1.30 V - 1.40 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 125 Watt max
* First Release: May 23, 2006
* Clockrate: 2000 - 3200 MHz (6400+)

Windsor (90 nm SOI) - Quad FX platform

Dual-core, dual CPUs (four cores total)
* CPU-Stepping: F3
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions), per core
* L2-Cache: 1024 KiB fullspeed, per core
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit, AMD Virtualization
* Socket F (1207 FX), 2000 MHz HyperTransport (HT2000)
* VCore: 1.35 V - 1.40 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 125 Watt max per CPU
* First Release: November 30, 2006
* Clockrate: 2600 MHz (FX-70), 2800 MHz (FX-72), 3000 MHz (FX-74)

Athlon 64 models

Clawhammer (130 nm SOI)

* CPU-Stepping: C0, CG
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 1024 KiB, fullspeed
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit (only CG)
* Socket 754, 800 MHz HyperTransport (HT800)
* Socket 939, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000)
* VCore: 1.50 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 89 Watt max
* First Release: September 23, 2003
* Clockrate: 2000–2600 MHz

Newcastle (130 nm SOI)

Also possible: ClawHammer-512 (Clawhammer with partially disabled L2-Cache)
* CPU-Stepping: CG
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 512 KiB, fullspeed
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit
* Socket 754, 800 MHz HyperTransport (HT800)
* Socket 939, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000)
* VCore: 1.50 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 89 Watt max
* First Release: 2004
* Clockrate: 1800–2400 MHz

Winchester (90 nm SOI)

* CPU-Stepping: D0
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 512 KiB, fullspeed
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit
* Socket 939, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000)
* VCore: 1.40 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 67 Watt max
* First Release: 2004
* Clockrate: 1800–2200 MHz

Venice (90 nm SOI)

* CPU-Stepping: E3, E6
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 512 KiB, fullspeed
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit
* Socket 754, 800 MHz HyperTransport (HT800)
* Socket 939, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000)
* VCore: 1.35 V or 1.40 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 89 Watt max
* First Release: April 4, 2005
* Clockrate: 1800–2400 MHz

an Diego (90 nm SOI)

* CPU-Stepping: E4, E6
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 1024 KiB, fullspeed
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit
* Socket 939, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000)
* VCore: 1.35 V or 1.40 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 89 Watt max
* First Release: April 15, 2005
* Clockrate: 2200–2600 MHz

Orleans (90 nm SOI)

* CPU-Stepping: F2, F3
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 512 KiB, fullspeed
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit, AMD Virtualization
* Socket AM2, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000)
* VCore: 1.25 V or 1.40 V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 62 Watt max
* First Release: May 23, 2006
* Clockrate: 1800–2600 MHz

Lima (65 nm SOI)

* CPU-Stepping: G1
* L1-Cache: 64 + 64 KiB (Data + Instructions)
* L2-Cache: 512 KiB, fullspeed
* MMX, Extended 3DNow!, SSE, SSE2, SSE3, AMD64, Cool'n'Quiet, NX Bit, AMD Virtualization
* Socket AM2, 1000 MHz HyperTransport (HT1000)
* VCore: 1.25/1.35/1.40V
* Power Consumption (TDP): 45 Watt max
* First Release: February 20, 2007
* Clockrate: 2000–2400 MHz

Successors

The Athlon 64 line is expected to continue to evolve. In particular, new models scheduled to be launched starting from the third quarter of 2007 are to be based on the "K10" microarchitecture. The initial offerings are expected to be based on the "Agena" (quad-core, 2 MiB L3 cache), and "Kuma" (dual-core, 2 MiB L3 cache) cores. These processors will be packaged in Socket AM2+ form factors, but are expected to function in Socket AM2 motherboards as well, with the loss of HyperTransport 3.0 enhancements, which will only be available with Socket AM2+ motherboards.

ee also

* List of AMD Athlon 64 microprocessors
* List of AMD Sempron microprocessors
* List of AMD Turion microprocessors

References

External links

* [http://www.digit-life.com/articles2/amd-hammer-family/index.html Facts & Assumptions about the Architecture of AMD Opteron and Athlon 64]
* [http://arstechnica.com/articles/paedia/cpu/amd-hammer-1.ars?27420 Inside AMD's Hammer: the 64-bit architecture behind the Opteron and Athlon 64]
* [http://tuxmobil.org/cpu_64bit.html Linux on laptops with 64bit CPU]
* [http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/cpu/display/athlon64-90 nm.html xBitLabs article about AMD's move to 90 nm]
* [http://www.silentpcreview.com/article169-page1.html Athlon 64 for Quiet Power]
* [http://balusc.xs4all.nl/srv/har-cpu-amd-k8.php AMD Athlon 64 technical specifications]