Enallage

Enallage

Enallage (from the Greek ‘εναλλαγή, "enallage," meaning interchange) is a term used to mean the substitution of one grammatical form for another (possibly incorrect) one.Silva Rhetoricae (2006). [http://guweb2.gonzaga.edu/faculty/wheeler/lit_terms_E.html Enallage] ]

Pluralization

Enallage can be used poetically to emphasize the subject of a sentence. This can be done in many ways. For instance, the number of a pronoun can be altered to stress the responsibility of the individual as part of a group. In the Book of Exodus when God is speaking to the Israelites through Moses he uses the plural of you, "ye," to refer to them: “Ye have seen what I did unto the Egyptians…” (Exodus 19.4). However, during the narration of the Ten Commandments, which are clearly told to the people of Israel, the singular is used: “Thou shalt not kill. Thou shalt not commit adultery. Thou shalt not steal” (Exodus 20.13-15). This is done to stress the personal responsibilities of the Israelites.Brigham Young University (2006). [http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=jbms&id=52 Enallage in the Book of Mormon] ]

Person

Enallage is also used to bring the speaker’s message more strongly to the listener. Again using a Biblical example, the female speaker says to her lover, “Let him kiss me with the kisses of his mouth…” (Song of Solomon 1.2). After addressing him in the third person, she switches to the second person: “for thy love "is" better than wine” (Song of Solomon 1.2). This serves to attract her lover more strongly.Brigham Young University (2006). [http://farms.byu.edu/display.php?table=jbms&id=213 From Distance to Proximity: A Poetic Function of Enallage in the Hebrew Bible and the Book of Mormon] ]

Voice

Switching a sentence from the active voice to the passive voice is another method of enallage. “I hit Jim” is much more direct and blunt than “Jim was hit by me” and it also implies much more responsibility.

Incorrect Grammar

Another use of enallage is to give a sentence improper grammar to achieve an effect. Shakespeare asks, “‘Is there not wars? Is there not employment?’” (2nd Henry IV, I, ii) to achieve parallel structure. Ordinarily this would read "Is there not war? Is there not employment?" but Shakespeare pluralizes "war." Byron states, “The idols are broke in the temple of Baal.” Here he uses the past tense form of "break" instead of the past participle, "broken," which should be used.

Another noted example is professional prize fight manager Joe Jacobs' 1932 cry of "We was robbed!" after his fighter lost a decision. Arthur Quinn writes that Jacobs achieves "linguistic immortality" through this utterance.4

References


* "Holey Bible: Concordance." World Publishing Company: Cleveland.
* Cuddon, J.A., ed. "The Penguin Dictionary of Literary Terms and Literary Theory." 3rd ed. Penguin Books: New York, 1991.
*

4Quinn, Arthur. "Figures of Speech: 60 Ways to turn a phrase." 1st. ed. Peregrine Smith: Salt Lake City, 1982.


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  • Enallage — Énallage L’énallage (substantif féminin), du grec ἐναλλαγή :enallagê ( interversion, transposition ), du verbe enallassein ( échanger ), est une figure de style qui consiste à remplacer un temps, un mode, un nom ou une personne par un autre… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • énallage — ⇒ÉNALLAGE, subst. fém. RHÉT. (syntaxe). Figure de construction par laquelle on substitue dans la phrase un temps, un mode, un nombre, un genre à celui qu appelle ordinairement la syntaxe. C est par énallage que l indicatif est remplacé par l… …   Encyclopédie Universelle

  • enallage — /e nal:adʒe/ s.f. [dal lat. tardo enallăge, gr. enallagḗ scambio ]. (crit.) [figura retorica che consiste nell uso di una parte del discorso invece di un altra o nello scambio di due forme verbali] ▶◀ ipallage …   Enciclopedia Italiana

  • enallage —    enàllage    (s.f.) Figura grammaticale che consiste nello scambio funzionale di una parte del discorso con un altra; ad esempio, i modi e i tempi del verbo, l aggettivo e l avverbio. . . .    Es.: domani ti raggiungo, parla veloce, invece di… …   Dizionario di retorica par stefano arduini & matteo damiani

  • énallage — ÉNALLAGE. s. f. Terme de Gramniaire Latine, qui consiste, dit on, à changer les temps, les modes d une Langue. L énallage n a aucun fondement, et ce qu on veut appeler ainsi peut s expliquer par l ellipse …   Dictionnaire de l'Académie Française 1798

  • Enallage — E*nal la*ge, n. [L., fr. Gr. ? an exchange, fr. ? to exchange; ? in + ? to change.] (Gram.) A substitution, as of one part of speech for another, of one gender, number, case, person, tense, mode, or voice, of the same word, for another. [1913… …   The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

  • Enallăge — (gr.), 1) Vertauschung; 2) Vertauschung von Redetheilen einer Gattung in Hinsicht ihrer Abstammung u. Form, z.B. des Substantivs mit dem Adjectiv, des Abstractum mit dem Concretum, des Proprium mit dem Appellativum etc., z.B. Cäsar eilte von der… …   Pierer's Universal-Lexikon

  • Enallăge — (griech.), in der Rhetorik »Vertauschung« einer Wortform oder Wortklasse mit einer andern, z. B. im Lateinischen vivere statt vita, nullus statt non …   Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

  • Enallage — Enallage, griech., Vertauschung, Verwechslung, in der Grammatik die Vertauschung von Wörtern einer und derselben Classe hinsichtlich ihrer Abstammung oder Form, z.B. das Setzen des entsprechenden Beiwortes statt des Hauptwortes, des Stammwortes… …   Herders Conversations-Lexikon

  • Énallage — L’énallage (substantif féminin), du grec ἐναλλαγή :enallagê ( interversion, transposition ), du verbe enallassein ( échanger ), est une figure de style qui consiste à remplacer un temps, un mode, un nom ou une personne par un autre temps, un …   Wikipédia en Français

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