Eridanos (geology)

The name Eridanos, derived from the ancient Greek Eridanos, was given by geologists to a river which flowed where the Baltic Sea is now (Overeem, et al., 2002). The fluvial system was better known as the 'Baltic River System' (Bijlsma, 1981; Gibbard, 1988). The geological Eridanos was most important during the Baventian Stage about two million years ago in the late early Pleistocene, when it was about 2700 kilometres long, a little shorter than the modern Danube. It began in Lapland, and then flowed through the area of the modern-day Gulf of Bothnia and Baltic Sea to western Europe, where it had an immense delta which spanned almost all the current North Sea. It was comparable in size to the current-day Amazon River.

The Eridanos began about 40 million years ago in the Eocene. About 12 million years ago in the Miocene the Eridanos reached the North Sea area, where it began to build an immense delta with its sediment. The Eridanos disappeared in the early Middle Pleistocene.

Eridanos deposits in the Netherlands dating from the late Early Pleistocene Menapian glacial stage show the presence of Scandinavian erratic boulders (so-called 'Hattem Layers'; Zandstra, 1971). These erratics are supposed to be transported by fluvial drift ice and are the first indicators in this part of the North Sea Basin of a major glaciation in the Scandinavian mountains. Most probably the reshaping of the Eridanos source areas in the Scandinavian mountains already started during this glacial stage. During the succeeding Bavel Interglacial the fluvial system reached its largest size but sedimentation rates already dropped at that time. The repeated build up of the Scandinavian ice cap during successive ice ages after this interglacial resulted in a complete destruction of the source area, decapitating the fluvial system, and in the birth of a glacially excavated area surrounding the Scandinavian mountainous areas, in which later the Baltic Sea came into existence. During the first glacial stage of the Cromerian Complex, c. 0.7 Ma ago, sedimentation in the Netherlands of the Baltic River System came to an end, indicating the end of the Eridanos.

Remnants of the Eridanos are found all through northern Europe, from the current North Sea and the Netherlands at its western end to sediments in northern Lapland.

Eridanos sediments in the Netherlands and the neighbouring North Sea can be recognized by a high content of transparent blue-grey, lightgrey, and colorless quartz in the sand as well as in the gravel fractions. The color of the mainly coarse sands is grey-white and in the Netherlands these deposits are, therefore, known as the White Sands ('Witte Zanden'). During the Early Pleistocene in the Netherlands fluvial deposits of eastern provenance mix with fluvial deposits of the River Rhine. At that time the Rhine was far less important than the Eridanos. Sediment mixing can be recognized by the presence of a high proportion of 'milky quartz' that is highly characteristic of sands and gravels deposited by the River Rhine. After the disappearance of the Eridanos, the River Rhine is left as the most important river in this part of the North Sea Basin. Sedimentation rates of the Rhine increase as a result of enlargement of the catchment area of this river and the increased glacial erosion of the Alps.

External links

*http://instaar.colorado.edu/~overeem/eridanos/eridanos.html including map
*http://www.geo.lt/Litosfera/n7_pdf/p134-137.PDF
*http://www.gplatt.demon.co.uk/baltic.htm

References

* Bijlsma, S., 1981. "Fluvial sedimentation from the Fennoscandian area into the North-West European Basin during the Late Cenozoic." Geologie en Mijnbouw, 60: 337-345.
* Gibbard, P.L., 1988. "The history of the great northwest European rivers during the past three million years." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, B.318: 559-602.
* Overeem, I., Weltje, G.J., Bishop-Kay, C. & Kroonenberg, S.B., 2002. "The Late Cenozoic Eridanos delta system in the southern North Sea Basin: a climate signal in sediment supply?" Basin Research, 13: 293-312.
* Zandstra, J.G., 1971. "Geologisch onderzoek in de stuwwal van de Oostelijke Veluwe bij Hattem en Wapenveld". Mededelingen Rijks Geologische Dienst, NS 22: 215-260.