York city walls

York city walls

The English city of York has, since Roman times, been defended by walls of one form or another. To this day, substantial portions of the walls remain, and York has more miles of intact wall than any other city in England. They are known variously as York City Walls, the Bar walls and the Roman walls (though this last is a misnomer as very little of the extant stonework is of Roman origin, and the course of the wall has been substantially altered since Roman times).

View of the city looking north-east from the city wall, near the railway station. The brown spire in the middle distance is the Catholic church of St. Wilfrid, and York Minster is visible behind it.

Contents

History

Roman walls

The Multangular Tower, York

The Multangular Tower in the Museum Gardens is the most noticeable and intact structure remaining from the Roman walls. It was constructed as part of a series of eight similar defensive towers, possibly built on the orders of the Roman Emperor Septimius Severus, or Constantine the Great who both lived in Eboracum, as Roman York was known, from 209 to some point in the Seventh Century. The walls are almost certainly the creation of Septimius Severus, however the Multangular Tower is probably a later addition of Constantine the Great around AD 310-20. It has ten sides and is almost 30 feet (9.1 m) tall. The lower courses are original Roman stonework, though the upper course with arrowslits is a later medieval addition.

The Multangular Tower and the other seven similar towers were, however, a late addition to the walls. The original walls were built around 71 AD, when the Romans erected a fort (castra) occupying about 50 acres or 21.5 hectares near the banks of the River Ouse. The rectangle of walls was built as part of the fort's defences. The foundations and the line of about half of these Roman walls form part of the existing walls, as follows:

  • a section (the west corner, including the Multangular Tower) in the Museum Gardens
  • the north-west and north-east sections between Bootham Bar and Monk Bar
  • a further stretch between Monk Bar and the Merchant Taylors' Hall, at the end of which the lower courses of the east corner of the Roman wall can be seen on the city-centre side of the existing wall.

The line of the rest of the Roman wall went south-west from the east corner, crossing the via principalis of the fortress where King's Square is now located. The south corner was in what is now Feasegate, and from here the wall continued northwest to the west corner. The point where the wall crossed the via praetoria is marked by a plaque in St Helen's Square near the Mansion House.

After the Romans

Wall-walk leading to Monk Bar.

The Danes occupied the city in 867. By this time the Roman defences were in poor repair, and the Danes demolished all the towers save the Multangular Tower and restored the walls.

The majority of the remaining walls, which encircle the whole of the medieval city, date from the 12th - 14th century, with some reconstruction carried out in the 19th century and later. From the east corner of the Roman walls, the medieval wall extends to Layerthorpe Bridge. After the bridge, the King's Fishpool, a swamp created by the Normans' damming of the River Foss, provided adequate security for the city, and no walls were ever built in this area.

The walls resume beyond the now canalised Foss at the Red Tower, a brick building which has been much restored over the years. They continue south and west around the Walmgate area, terminating in another tower (Fishergate Postern), near York Castle, which was formerly surrounded by its own walls and a moat.

A small stretch of wall on the west side of Tower Gardens terminates at Davy Tower, another brick tower located next to the River Ouse). This originally ran up to the castle walls, with a postern on Tower Street.

Beyond the Ouse, the walls resume at Skeldergate, where there was once another postern. They climb past Baile Hill, take a right turn and proceed north-west parallel to the Inner Ring Road. Near the railway station, they turn right again in a north-easterly direction, finishing at Barker Tower on the Ouse.

Barker Tower was once linked by a chain across the river, parallel to the nineteenth-century Lendal Bridge. A small stretch of wall then leads to the entrance to Museum Gardens, the Multangular Tower and the original line of the Roman walls.

Today the walls are a scheduled ancient monument and a grade 1 listed building.[1]

Bars

Bootham Bar in the shadow of York Minster.

The walls are punctuated by four main gatehouses, or 'bars', (Bootham Bar, Monk Bar, Walmgate Bar and Micklegate Bar below). These restricted traffic in medieval times, and were used to extract tolls, as well as being defensive positions in times of war.

Bootham Bar

Although much of Bootham Bar was built in the 14th and 19th centuries, it also has some of the oldest surviving stonework, dating to the 11th century. It stands almost on the site of porta principalis dextra, the north western gate of Eboracum.

Monk Bar

Monk Bar seen from Monkgate. The blocked openings at first-floor level once led to the barbican

This four-story gatehouse is the tallest and most elaborate of the four, and was built in the early 14th century. It was intended as a self-contained fort, and each floor is capable of being defended separately. The current gatehouse was built to replace a 12th century gate known as Munecagate, which stood 100 yards (91 m) to the north-west, on the site of the Roman gate porta decumana - that location is indicated by a slight dip in the earth rampart.[2][3] Today, Monk Bar houses the Richard III Museum and retains its portcullis in working order.

Walmgate Bar

Walmgate Bar with its barbican, seen from outside the walls

Most of Walmgate Bar was built during the 14th century, although the inner gateway dates from the 12th century. The Bar's most notable feature is its barbican, which is the only one surviving on a town gate in England. It also retains its portcullis and 15th century oak doors. On the inner side, an Elizabethan house, supported by stone pillars, extends out over the gateway. The Bar has been repaired and restored many times over the years, most notably in 1648, following the 1644 Siege of York in the English Civil War when it was bombarded by cannon fire, and in 1840 after it had suffered years of neglect. It was also damaged in 1489 when, along with Fishergate Bar, it was burnt by rebels who were rioting over tax raises.

Micklegate Bar

The southern entrance to York, Micklegate Bar. This also once possessed a barbican

The name of this four-storey-high gatehouse is from the Old Norse 'mykla gata' or 'great street', and leads onto Micklegate ('gate' is Norwegian for 'street' remaining from Viking influence in York). It was the traditional ceremonial gate for monarchs entering the city, who, in a tradition dating to Richard II in 1389, touch the state sword when entering the gate.

A 12th century gatehouse was replaced in the 14th century with a heavy portcullis and barbican.

The upper two floors contain living quarters, which today are a museum of the bar, and the city. Its symbolic value led to traitors' decapitated heads being displayed on the defences. Heads left there to rot included: Henry Hotspur Percy (1403), Henry Scrope, 3rd Baron Scrope of Masham (1415), Richard Plantagenet, 3rd Duke of York (1461), and Thomas Percy, 7th Earl of Northumberland (1572).

Minor bars

Besides the four main bars, there are two smaller bars.

Fishergate Bar

This Bar originally dates from around 1315, when it was documented as being called Barram Fishergate. [4] It was bricked up following riots in 1489, but was reopened in 1827 and today provides pedestrian access through the walls between the Fishergate area (actually Fawcett Street/Paragon Street) and George Street.

Victoria Bar

As the name suggests, this bar is a 19th-century addition to the walls. It was opened in 1838 to provide direct access between Nunnery Lane and Bishophill. However, during its construction the remains of an ancient gateway were found beneath it. This was probably the gateway known in the 12th century as the lounelith or secluded gateway[5] (in comparison to Micklegate Bar or the great bar located four hundred yards away) – a small entrance to the city which dated back to early medieval times but was blocked up later with earth and stone, possibly still in the period when the walls consisted of a wooden palisade before they were rebuilt in stone from around 1250 onwards.

See also

References

  1. ^ "VR York, York City Wall". www.vryork.com. Archived from the original on 2007-07-17. http://web.archive.org/web/20070717171639/http://www.vryork.com/virtual-tour-of-york/source/wall_view1_pano.html. Retrieved 2007-03-19. 
  2. ^ Wilson and Mee, p.53
  3. ^ R.M. Butler (1974): The Bars and Walls of York (Yorkshire Architectural and York Archaeological Society), ISBN 0950351903, pp5-6.
  4. ^ http://www.yorkhistory.org.uk/fishergate.html
  5. ^ Wilson and Mee, p.36

Sources

  • Barbara Wilson and Frances Mee, The City Walls and Castles of York: The Pictorial Evidence, York Archaeological Trust, 2005. ISBN 978-1-8744-5436-1
  • Pevsner, Nikolaus; and Neave, David (1995) [1972]. Yorkshire: York and the East Riding (2nd edition ed.). London: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-071061-2. 

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужен реферат?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Coventry city walls — Conventry city walls Coventry, West Midlands …   Wikipedia

  • Demolished churches in New York City — Contents 1 17th century 1.1 1630s construction 1.2 1640s construction 1.3 1690s construction 2 …   Wikipedia

  • NEW YORK CITY — NEW YORK CITY, foremost city of the Western Hemisphere and largest urban Jewish community in history; pop. 7,771,730 (1970), est. Jewish pop. 1,836,000 (1968); metropolitan area 11,448,480 (1970), metropolitan area Jewish (1968), 2,381,000… …   Encyclopedia of Judaism

  • New York City Subway in popular culture — The New York City Subway is often seen as an integral part of the city and has had a place in popular culture for at least three quarters of a century. Many living in the area through the 1970s and 1980s remember it for crime and graffiti, but… …   Wikipedia

  • St. Leo's Church (New York City) — The Church of St. Leo General information Architectural style Gothic Revival Town or city Manhattan, New York City Country United States Construction started …   Wikipedia

  • Times Square–42nd Street (New York City Subway) — Infobox NYCS name = Times Square–42nd Street bg color = black service = Times Square passengers = 55.487 million pass year = 2006 pass percent = 3 borough = Manhattan transfer station = 42nd Street–Port Authority Bus Terminal transfer line = IND… …   Wikipedia

  • Court Square (New York City Subway) — Court Square   …   Wikipedia

  • New Utrecht Avenue / 62nd Street (New York City Subway) — New Utrecht Avenue / 62nd Street …   Wikipedia

  • New York City Subway — Top: A number 4 train made up of R142 …   Wikipedia

  • New York City Center — This article is about the New York concert hall. For other uses, see City Center (disambiguation). New York City Center Logo New York City Center (previously known as City Center of Music and Drama[1] and also known as New York City Center 55th… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”