- St Bees
infobox UK place
country = England
static_
static_image_caption = View of St.Bees Main Street from the corner of Finkle Street
latitude = 54.48924
longitude = -3.5889
official_name = St Bees
population = 1717
shire_district= Copeland
shire_county =Cumbria
region = North West England
constituency_westminster =
post_town =
postcode_district =
postcode_area =
dial_code =
os_grid_reference = NX971115St Bees is a
village andcivil parish in the Copeland district ofCumbria , in the north ofEngland , about five miles west south-west ofWhitehaven . The parish had a population of 1,717 according to the 2001 census. Within the parish isSt. Bees Head , the most westerly point of Northern England upon which standsSt Bees Lighthouse .The village is served by
St Bees railway station .St Bees has a Norman
Priory and an Elizabethan School and is the start of the famous WainwrightCoast to Coast Walk . St Bees Head is the only major sea cliff betweenWales andScotland , and is the only Heritage Coastline in Cumbria. It is the spectaular location of one of England's most important seabird colonies.The name St Bees is a corruption of the Norse name for the village, variously given as 'Kirki-Becoc' or 'Kirkby Behoc', which can be translated as the "church of Bega", relating to the local
Saint Bega .In
2007 , indie bandThe High Wire released a song, entitled Saint Bees, about the village. [http://profile.myspace.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=user.viewprofile&friendID=90686823]hort Poem
:Quaint are the legends, and famous the lore:Of that one favoured nook on old Cumberland’s shore;:And grateful may be whom fortune decrees,:A home and a life rest on breezy St.Bees'::
A.J. Booth :The Priory
The
Normans did not reach Cumbria until 1092. When eventually they took over the local lordships,William le Meschin , Lord of Egremont, used the existing church site to build a grand monastic building to house a Prior and six monks from about 1130 onwards. It was subordinate to the great Benedictine monastery ofSt Mary atYork . The magnificent Norman doorway of the Priory dates from this time.The
Priory had a great influence on the area. The monks worked the land, fished, and extended the Priory buildings. The ecclesiastical Parish of St Bees was huge and stretched toEnnerdale ,Loweswater ,Wasdale andEskdale . The coffin routes from these outlying areas to the mother church in St Bees can still be followed in places.:Who with the ploughshare clove the barren moors,:And to green meadows changed the swampy shores?:Thinned the rank woods; and for the cheerful grange:Made room where wolf and boar were used to range?:Who taught, and showed by deeds, that gentler chains:Should bind the vassal to his lord's domains?:The thoughtful monks' intent their God to please,:For Christ's dear sake, by human sympathies:Poured from the bosom of thy church, St Bees!: " William Wordsworth."
The Priory was closed in the English Reformation on the orders of
Henry VIII in 1539. The church building became a simple parish church and the extensive monastic buildings fell into decay.Remarkably, the small West Cumbrian village of St Bees produced two of the
Archbishop s of the reign of Queen Elizabeth I -Edmund Grindal ofArchbishop of Canterbury andEdwin Sandys ofArchbishop of York .In about 1519 Edmund Grindal was born in
Hensingham , now a suburb of Whitehaven. The family moved in the same year to Cross Hill House, St Bees, which is now accepted as his birthplace. The house is still occupied. He was probably educated by the Catholic monks at the monastery across the valley. A devout Protestant, he made his mark in the reign ofEdward VI , but had to flee to Strasbourg when the Catholic Mary I ascended the throne. On Mary's death the country once again became Protestant, and Grindal became Bishop of London, Archbishop of York, then Archbishop of Canterbury. His undoing was standing up to Queen Elizabeth I over liberal religious meetings and he was suspended. He died in 1583 still in disgrace, but, virtually on his death bed, he foundedSt Bees School .In 1981 an excavation at the priory revealed a lead coffin containing an astonishingly well preserved body - now known as the St Bees Man. The male occupant is thought to have been a
knight and may have died in the Crusades. Although he was over six hundred years old, his nails, skin and stomach contents were preserved in near-perfect condition.Expansion
The 1800s saw the start of great changes. In 1816 St Bees Theological College was founded. It was the first theological College outside Oxbridge for the training of
Church of England Clergy. The monastic chancel was re-roofed, and additional lecture rooms were built. At one time the College had 100 students, and over 2,600 clergy were trained here before it closed in 1895.St. Bees School started its era of expansion with the building of the quadrangle in 1846 with compensation from the mine-owning Lowther family, who had illegally obtained the lucrative mineral rights for Whitehaven from the school at a derisory sum. This was the first step in St. Bees School's rise from a local institution to becoming one of the new “Public Schools” on the fashionable model of Dr Arnold’s Rugby. By 1916 numbers had reached 350, many new buildings had been erected, and the school had become known nationally. The school still exists today. The school is the Alma Mater of the esteemed poet A.J. Booth, and actor
Rowan Atkinson .Perhaps some of the greatest changes were after 1849 when the Furness Railway reached the village. St Bees attracted the professional classes who commuted to businesses in Whitehaven or Workington. This led to the building of many of the larger houses and Lonsdale Terrace.
The railway brought tourists, and as early as 1851 the Lord Mayor of London stayed at the Seacote Hotel. This long history of attracting tourists for “Bucket and spade” holidays has continued to this day.
The railway made possible the export of the fine red St Bees
sandstone , which is an excellent and durable building material. Huge amounts of stone were exported, much of it for building the boom town ofBarrow-in-Furness . This industry died out in the 1970s, but has since been revived, and there are now two working quarries in the parish.Agriculture was originally the mainstay of the village economy. Gradually, during the 1800s, service employment for the School and lodgings for the College gave additional income, and with the advent of commuters, the Village’s social mix was becoming more middle class. Tourism and quarries also provided employment, and many village men found work in the iron ore mines at Cleator. Thus the 1800s saw the change from a rural backwater based on agriculture, to a more diversified base of dormitory village for professional and industrial worker alike, and it grew into a minor academic centre.
The start of the 20th Century saw yet another decline in agriculture, and this has continued to today, when there are only a few farms left. Industrial decline also hit West Cumbria, particularly after the boom years of both wars. However, following the Second World War, two major industries were established which have had a profound effect on the community.
Marchon Chemical Company atKells , which unhappily is now closed, and UKAEA/BNFL atSellafield both soaked up village labour released by the declining heavy iron and mining industries, and brought a large influx of the technical and scientific university-educated middle class into the village; rather like the first arrival of the professional classes a century earlier.External links
* [http://www.stbees.org.uk Village web site]
* [http://maps.google.com/?q=st+bees,+england&ie=UTF8&ll=54.489286,-3.589354&spn=0.026024,0.059137&z=14&om=1 St.Bees on Google Maps]
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