- Dunbar
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For other uses, see Dunbar (disambiguation).
Coordinates: 56°00′10″N 2°31′01″W / 56.002725°N 2.516901°W
Dunbar Scottish Gaelic: Dùn Barra 
The Volunteer Arms public house
Dunbar
Dunbar shown within East LothianPopulation 6,354 [1] (2001 census)
est. 7,700[2] (2006)OS grid reference NT678789 Council area East Lothian Lieutenancy area East Lothian Country Scotland Sovereign state United Kingdom Post town EDINBURGH Postcode district EH42 Dialling code 01368 Police Lothian and Borders Fire Lothian and Borders Ambulance Scottish EU Parliament Scotland UK Parliament East Lothian Scottish Parliament East Lothian List of places: UK • Scotland • Dunbar (Scotts [dʊnˈbaɾ] (
listen)) is a town in East Lothian on the southeast coast of Scotland, approximately 28 miles east of Edinburgh and 28 miles from the English Border at Berwick-upon-Tweed.Dunbar is a former Royal Burgh and gave its name to an ecclesiastical and civil parish. The parish extends around 7½ miles east to west and is 3½ miles deep at greatest extent (12 x 5.5 kilometres) or 11¼ square miles (c. 3000 hectares) and contains the villages of West Barns, Belhaven, East Barns (abandoned) and several hamlets and farms.
Its strategic position gave rise to a history full of incident and strife but Dunbar has become a quiet dormitory town popular with workers in nearby Edinburgh, who find it an affordable alternative to the capital itself. Until the 1960s the population of the town was little more than 3,500.
The town is served by Dunbar railway station. Dunbar is home to the Dunbar Lifeboat Station, the second oldest RNLI station in Scotland.
Contents
History
Early history
The name Dunbar has Brythonic roots and means approximately 'summit-fort', which gives an indication to its origins. To the north of the present High Street an area of open ground called Castle Park preserves almost exactly the hidden perimeter of an iron age promontory fort. The early settlement was a principal centre of the people known to the Romans as Votadini and it may have grown in importance when the great hillfort of Traprain Law was abandoned at the end of the 5th century AD. Dunbar was subsumed into Anglian Northumbria as that kingdom expanded in the 6th century and is believed to be synonymous with the Dynbaer of Eddius around 680AD, the first time that it appears in the written record. The influential Northumbrian monk and scholar St. Cuthbert, born around 630 AD, was probably from around Dunbar. While still a boy, and employed as a shepherd, one night he had a vision of the soul of Aidan being carried to heaven by angels and thereupon went to the monastery of Old Melrose and became a monk.
It was then a king's vill and prison to Bishop Wilfrid. As a royal holding of the kings of Northumbria, the economy centred on the collecting of food renders and the administration of the northern (now Scottish) portion of that kingdom. It was the base of a senior royal official, a reeve (later sheriff), and, perhaps, in the 7th century a dynasty of ealdormen or sub-kings who held northern Northumbria against Pictish encroachment.
Scottish conquest
Danish and Norse attacks on southern Northumbria caused its power to falter and the northern portion became equally open to annexation by Scotland. Dunbar was burnt by Cináed mac Ailpín in the 9th century. Scottish control was consolidated in the next century and when Lothian was ceded to Máel Coluim II after the battle of Carham in 1018, Dunbar was finally an acknowledged part of Scotland. Throughout these turbulent centuries Dunbar’s status must have been preserved because it next features as part of a major land grant and settlement by Máel Coluim III in favour of the exiled earl Gospatric of Northumbria (to whom he may have been full cousin) during 1072. Malcolm needed to fill a power vacuum on his south-eastern flank; Gospatric required a base from which to plot the resumption of his Northumbrian holding. The grant included Dunbar and, it can be deduced, an extensive swath of East Lothian and Berwickshire or Merse (hence March). Gospatick founded the family of Dunbar, Earls of Dunbar and March until the 15th century.
Victoria Harbour and Castle ruins
.
Later history
The town became successively a baronial burgh and royal burgh (1370) and grew slowly under the shadow of the great Castle of the earls. Scotland and England contended often for possession of the castle and town. The former was 'impregnable' and withstood many sieges; the latter was burnt, frequently. The castle had been slighted (deliberately ruined) in 1568 but the town flourished as an agricultural centre and fishing port despite tempestuous times in the 17th and early 18th centuries. Major battles were fought nearby in 1296 and 1650. The second Battle of Dunbar (1650) was fought during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms between a Scottish Covenanter army and English Parliamentarians led by Oliver Cromwell. The Scots were routed, leading to the overthrow of the monarchy and the occupation of Scotland.
Dunbar gained a reputation as a seaside holiday and golfing resort in the 19th century, the 'bright and breezy burgh' famous for its 'bracing air'.
Since 1983, the town has played host to the first outdoor Pipe Band competition of the season in Scotland. The competition, now held at Hallhill Healthy Living Centre on the second Saturday in May, attracts in the region of 70–80 entries from bands across Scotland and over 2000 visitors for the day. The local band - Dunbar Royal British Legion Pipe Band - has competed with mixed success over the years.
On Saturday 3 January 1987, a devastating fire destroyed much of the town's historic parish church. The church, as it was before the fire, was opened in 1821 and contained a monument to the Earl of Dunbar which was said to be unequalled throughout Scotland for its Italian craftsmanship in marble. Though the fire practically destroyed the monument and left only the outer walls remaining, the church has since been rebuilt with a modern interior.
Archaeology
During 2003, archaeological excavations at Oxwell Mains (Lafarge Cement Works) near Dunbar revealed the site of a Mesolithic house believed to be circa 9th Millennium BC. The site suggests a domed building. Although considered extremely rare and a site of national importance this site is in the middle of an area planned for quarrying.
An archaeological excavation undertaken by Headland Archaeology [3] on a site previously occupied by the Captain's Cabin (a local landmark) within the area of Castle Park identified a sequence of archaeolgoical features reflecting around 2000 years of human activity.
Excavation of a burial, Castle Park, DunbarThe earliest feature was a large ditch which may have formed part of the defences around a promontory fort previously identified during earlier excavations near the coast at Castle Park.[4] The scale of the ditches indicated an impressive monument. A radiocarbon date of between 50 BC and AD 70 was obtained from charcoal recovered from its infill.
Much later a rectangular building was built over the top of the infilled ditch. Large quantities of burnt grain were recovered indicating that the building was a grain store that had been destroyed by fire. It was established that this was part of the Anglian settlement that had also been identified during earlier excavations.
Between the 9th and 11th centuries AD the area was used as a cemetery.[5] 76 articulated skeletons and the disarticulated remains of a further 51 individuals were recovered. The articulated skeletons were all buried in the standard Christian fashion. A small number of the skeletons were in long cists but the majority were simple shroud burials.
A dump of midden above the cemetery contained many elephant ivory off-cuts dating to the 18th or 19th centuries.
Dunbar also the birthplace of Scottish-American conservationist, John Muir.
Climate
As with the rest of the British Isles and Scotland, Dunbar experiences a maritime climate with cool summers and mild winters. The local climate is notable in that it is one of the few places in Scotland to exceed 1500 hours of sunshine annually. It is also the driest part of Scotland, and records similar rainfall averages to the driest parts of England. Recorded temperature extremes range from 31.0 °C (87.8 °F) during August 1990,[6] down to −12 °C (10.4 °F) in January 1982.[7]
Climate data for Dunbar 23m asl, 1971-2000, Sunshine 1951-1980, Extremes 1960- Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 15.0
(59.0)16.1
(61.0)19.4
(66.9)23.5
(74.3)24.5
(76.1)28.5
(83.3)28.2
(82.8)31.0
(87.8)26.7
(80.1)21.4
(70.5)18.0
(64.4)15.2
(59.4)31.0
(87.8)Average high °C (°F) 6.8
(44.2)7.3
(45.1)8.9
(48.0)10.6
(51.1)13.3
(55.9)16.3
(61.3)18.5
(65.3)18.3
(64.9)15.9
(60.6)12.8
(55.0)9.4
(48.9)7.5
(45.5)12.13
(53.84)Average low °C (°F) 1.7
(35.1)1.9
(35.4)2.8
(37.0)4.2
(39.6)6.4
(43.5)9.2
(48.6)11.2
(52.2)11.3
(52.3)9.5
(49.1)7.0
(44.6)3.9
(39.0)2.3
(36.1)5.95
(42.71)Record low °C (°F) −12
(10.4)−8.9
(16.0)−10
(14)−3.9
(25.0)−1.5
(29.3)0.9
(33.6)3.9
(39.0)4.5
(40.1)1.0
(33.8)−1.8
(28.8)−6.2
(20.8)−8.8
(16.2)−12
(10)Precipitation mm (inches) 49.09
(1.9327)30.79
(1.2122)41.83
(1.6469)36.0
(1.417)46.99
(1.85)48.72
(1.9181)44.98
(1.7709)50.96
(2.0063)54.07
(2.1287)56.85
(2.2382)48.29
(1.9012)51.61
(2.0319)560.18
(22.0543)Sunshine hours 55.8 79.1 111.0 167.4 183.0 201.0 189.1 162.0 132.0 105.4 72.0 52.7 1,523 Source no. 1: Royal Dutch Meteorological Institute/KNMI[8] Source no. 2: ScotClim[9] Environment
Due to its geographical location, Dunbar receives less rain and more hours of direct sunshine per year than anywhere else in Scotland (according to the Met Office). The town has begun to be referred to by locals as 'Sunny Dunny', after a local radio host popularised the term.
View towards Belhaven Bay (John Muir Country Park) with North Berwick Law and Bass Rock in the distance.Economy
Agriculture remains important, but fishing has declined. Its main manufactures are cement at Lafarge Cement Oxwell Mains (the only integrated cement plant in Scotland) and the Scottish Ales of Belhaven Brewery. Another large local employer is Torness Nuclear Power Station. A large portion of the workforce now commute to Edinburgh or further afield.
Dunbar is noted as the birthplace of the explorer, naturalist and conservationist John Muir. The house in which Muir was born is located on the High Street, and has been converted into a museum. There is also a commemorative statue beside the town clock, and John Muir Country Park is located to the northwest of the town. The eastern section of the John Muir Way coastal path starts from the harbour.
Each year on the last full weekend in September, Dunbar holds a traditional music festival sponsored by various local companies.
Planning Permission and construction for over two years on the outskirts at the Spott Roundabout site (A1) has given the town an Asda supermarket and petrol station (the first in East Lothian). The development is due to be accompanied by a still unconfirmed fast food drive-thru restaurant, a tourist office and a hotel at a later date. [3] [4] ASDA is proposing to help local businesses and charities in the town as part of its commitment. [5]. Although this will be guaranteed to boost the retail facilities and catchment area of Dunbar, attracting people from Berwick and Haddington to come, there is a fear it might bring congestion to the site and will lead to the decline of the present town centre shops especially the Co-op.[6] [7]
Twin towns
Dunbar is twinned with the following places:
Sport
Football
Dunbar is home to the junior football club Dunbar United.
Golf
Dunbar Golf Club: Laid out in 1857 and redesigned by Old Tom Morris around 1894, Dunbar East Links is situated on the estuary of the Firth of Forth. It is used as an Open Championship Qualifying Venue when the Open is played at Muirfield and all of the major Scottish Championships have been played here, The Scottish Amateur, Scottish Professional Championships, and Scottish Boys’ Championship. The British Ladies and the Ladies Home Internationals have also enjoyed Dunbar as a venue. Dunbar is also home to Winterfield Golf Club.
Rugby
Dunbar is also home to Dunbar RFC. They play their home games at Hallhill Healthy Living Centre and operate a 1st XV, 2nd XV and various school teams. The 1st XV play in the Scottish Hydro Electric National League East 1
Dunbar Grammar School
Dunbar Grammar School is a state secondary school that serves as the main secondary school for Dunbar and the surrounding areas. The school currently has 713 [8] pupils. As of 2004, Paul Raffaeli is the school's current headmaster, following Don Ledingham.
Youth facilities
Many youth groups use the facilities of The Countess Youth and Community Centre. The Youth Club runs Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays (term time) between 18:30 to 20:00 for primary 4 to 7 children and 20:00 to 22:00 for young people at Secondary School. The Youth Cafe is held on Wednesday and Saturday evenings. The centre is also used by a Playgroup, an after school Club and a line dancing club.
See also
References
- ^ "Comparative Population Profile: Dunbar Locality". Scotland's Census Results Online. 2001-04-29. http://www.scrol.gov.uk/scrol/browser/profile.jsp?profile=Population&mainArea=dunbar&mainLevel=Locality. Retrieved 2008-09-02.
- ^ http://www.gro-scotland.gov.uk/statistics/publications-and-data
- ^ Moloney, C. (2001) New evidence for the origins and evolution of Dunbar; excavations at the Captain's Cabin, Castle Park, Dunbar, East Lothian, Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries in Scotland 131, pp. 283-318
- ^ [1]
- ^ [2]
- ^ "1990 temperature". KNMI. http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=14&year=1990&indexid=TXx&stationid=1833.
- ^ "1982 temperature". KNMI. http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/monitordetail.php?seasonid=7&year=1982&indexid=TNn&stationid=1833.
- ^ "Dunbar Climate". KNMI. http://eca.knmi.nl/utils/mapserver/climatology.php?indexcat=**&indexid=TN&periodidselect=1971-2000&seasonid=18&scalelogidselect=no&minx=-600714.285716&miny=-4230595.238095&maxx=265952.380951&maxy=-3580595.238095&MapSize=560%2C420&imagewidth=560&imageheight=420&mainmap.x=275&mainmap.y=211&CMD=QUERY_POINT&CMD=QUERY_POINT#bottom. Retrieved 06 Nov 2011.
- ^ "Dunbar Sunshine". ScotClim. http://www.weather.org.uk/climate/scotclim.html. Retrieved 06 Nov 2011.
http://www.eastlothian.gov.uk/site/scripts/directory_record.php?recordID=37738&categoryInfoID=
External links
- Official Dunbar website
- East Lothian Council
- John Muir's Birthplace, John Muir Birthplace Trust
- Dunbar Golf Club
Aberlady · Athelstaneford · Auldhame & Scoughall · Bolton · Cockenzie and Port Seton · Dirleton · Drem · Dunbar · East Linton · East Saltoun and West Saltoun · Gifford · Gullane · Haddington · Humbie · Innerwick · Kingston · Longniddry · Macmerry · Musselburgh · North Berwick · Oldhamstocks · Ormiston · Pencaitland · Prestonpans · Tranent · Whitekirk and Tyninghame · WallyfordCategories:- Towns in East Lothian
- Ports and harbours of Scotland
- Royal burghs
- Seaside resorts in Scotland
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