Oxocarbon anion

2D diagram of mellitate C₁₂O6−
12, one of the oxocarbon anions. Black circles are carbon atoms, red circles are oxygen atoms. Each blue halo represents one half of a negative charge.

In chemistry, an oxocarbon anion is a negative ion consisting solely of carbon and oxygen atoms, and therefore having the general formula C_xO_yⁿ⁻ for some integers x, y, and n.

The most common oxocarbon anions are carbonate, CO₃²⁻, and oxalate, C₂O₄²⁻. There is however a large number of stable anions in this class, including several ones that have research or industrial use. There are also many unstable anions, like CO₄⁻, that have a fleeting existence during some chemical reactions; and many hypothetical species, like CO₄⁴⁻, that have been the subject of theoretical studies but have yet to be observed.

Stable oxocarbon anions form salts with a large variety of cations. Unstable anions may persist in very rarefied gaseous state, such as in interstellar clouds. Most oxocarbon anions have corresponding moieties in organic chemistry, whose compounds are usually esters. Thus, for example, the oxalate moiety [–O–(C=O–)₂–O–] occurs in the ester dimethyl oxalate H₃C–O–(C=O–)₂–O–CH₃.

Distributed charges and resonances

In many oxocarbon anions each of the extra electrons responsible for the negative electric charges behaves as if it were distributed over several atoms. Some of the electron pairs responsible for the covalent bonds also behave as if they were delocalized. These phenomena are often explained as a resonance between two or more conventional molecular structures that differ on the location of those charges and bonds. The carbonate ion, for example, is considered to have an "average" of three different structures

so that each oxygen has the same negative charge equivalent to 2/3 of one electron, and each C–O bond hs the same average valence of 4/3. This model accounts for the observed threefold symmetry of the anion.

Similarly, in a deprotonated carboxyl group –CO₂–, each oxygen is often assumed to have a charge of −1/2 and each C–O bond to have valence 3/2, so the two oxygens are equivalent. The croconate anion C₅O2−
5 also has fivefold symmetry, that can be explained as the superposition of five states leading to a charge of −2/5 on each oxygen. These resonances are believed to contribute to the stability of the anions.

Related compounds

Oxocarbon acids

An oxocarbon anion C_xO_yⁿ⁻ can be seen as the result of removing all protons from a corresponding acid C_xH_nO_y. Carbonate CO₃²⁻, for example, can be seen as the anion of carbonic acid H₂CO₃. Sometimes the "acid" is actually an alcohol or other species; this is the case, for example, of acetylenediolate C₂O₂²⁻ that would yield acetylenediol C₂H₂O₂. However, the anion is often more stable than the acid (as is the case for carbonate);^[1] and sometimes the acid is unknown or is expected to be extremely unstable (as is the case of methanetetracarboxylate C(COO⁻)₄).

Neutralized species

Every oxocarbon anion C_xO_yⁿ⁻ can be matched in principle to the electrically neutral (or oxidized) variant C_xO_y, an oxocarbon (oxide of carbon) with the same composition and structure except for the negative charge. As a rule, however, these neutral oxocarbons are less stable than the corresponding anions. Thus, for example, the stable carbonate anion corresponds to the extremely unstable neutral carbon trioxide CO₃;^[2] oxalate C₂O₄²⁻ correspond to the even less stable 1,2-dioxetanedione C₂O₄;^[3] and the stable croconate anion C₅O₅²⁻ corresponds to the neutral cyclopentanepentone C₅O₅, which has been detected only in trace amounts.^[4]

Reduced variants

Conversely, some oxocarbon anions can be reduced to yield other anions with the same structural formula but greater negative charge. Thus rhodizonate C₆O₆²⁻ can be reduced to the tetrahydroxybenzoquinone (THBQ) anion C₆O₆⁴⁻ and then to benzenehexolate C₆O₆⁶⁻..^[5]

Acid anhydrides

An oxocarbon anion C_xO_yⁿ⁻ can also be associated with the anhydride of the corresponding acid. The latter would be another oxocarbon with formula C_xO_y−n/2; namely, the acid minus n/2 water molecules H₂O. The standard example is the connection between carbonate CO₃²⁻ and carbon dioxide CO₂. The correspondence is not always well-defined since there may be several ways of performing this formal dehydration, including joining two or more anions to make an oligomer or polymer. Unlike neutralization, this formal dehydration sometimes yields fairly stable oxocarbons, such as mellitic anhydride C₁₂O₉ from mellitate C₁₂O₁₂⁶⁻ via mellitic acid C₁₂H₆O₁₂^{6−[6][7][8]}

Hydrogenated anions

For each oxocarbon anion C_xO_yⁿ⁻ there are in principle n−1 partially hydrogenated anions with formulas H_kC_xO_y^(n−k)−, where k ranges from 1 to n−1. These anions are generally indicated by the prefixes "hydrogen"-, "dihydrogen"-, "trihydrogen"-, etc. Some of them, however, have special names: hydrogencarbonate HCO−
3 is commonly called bicarbonate, and hydrogenoxalate HC₂O−
4 is known as binoxalate.

The hydrogenated anions may be stable even if the fully protonated acid is not (as is the case of bicarbonate).

Extreme cases

The carbide anions, such as acetylide C₂²⁻ and methanide C⁴⁻, could be seen as extreme cases of oxocarbon anions C_xO_yⁿ⁻, with y equal to zero. The same could be said of oxygen-only anions such as oxide O²⁻, peroxide, O₂²⁻, and ozonide O₃⁻.

List of oxocarbon anions

Here is an incomplete list of the known or conjectured oxocarbon anions

Diagram	Formula	Name	Acid	Anhydride	Neutralized
	CO2− 3	carbonate	CH2O3	CO2	CO3
	CO2− 4	peroxocarbonate		CO3	CO4
28px	CO4− 4	orthocarbonate	C(OH)4 orthocarbonic acid	CO2	CO4
	C2O2− 2	acetylenediolate	C2H2O2 acetylenediol		C2O2
	C2O2− 4	oxalate	C2H2O4	C2O3, C4O6	C2O4
	C2O2− 5	dicarbonate		C2O2− 6	peroxodicarbonate
	C3O2− 3	deltate	C3O(OH)2			C3O2− 5	mesoxalate	C3H2O5
	C4O2− 4	acetylenedicarboxylate	C4H2O4
	C4O2− 4	squarate	C4O2(OH)2			C4O2− 6	dioxosuccinate	C4H2O6
	C5O2− 5	croconate	C5O3(OH)2		(CO)5
	C5O4− 8	methanetetracarboxylate	C5H4O8
	C6O2− 6	rhodizonate	(CO)4(COH)2		(CO)6
	C6O4− 6	benzoquinonetetraolate; THBQ anion	(CO)2(COH)4 THBQ		(CO)6
	C6O6− 6	benzenehexolate	C6(OH)6 benzenehexol		(CO)6
	C6O4− 8	ethylenetetracarboxylate	C6H4O8	C6O6
	C8O4− 9	furantetracarboxylate	C8H4O9
	C10O4− 10	benzoquinonetetracarboxylate	C10H4O10	C10O8
	C12O6− 12	mellitate	C6(COOH)6	C6(COC)3

Several other oxocarbon anions have been detected in trace amounts, such as C₆O−
6, a singly ionized version of rhodizonate.^[9]

See also

• silicate
• sodium percarbonate (actually a carbonate perhydrate)

References

1. ^ Infrared and mass spectral studies of proton irradiated H₂O + CO₂ ice: evidence for carbonic acid, by Moore, M. H.; Khanna, R. K.
2. ^ DeMore W. B., Jacobsen C. W. (1969). "Formation of carbon trioxide in the photolysis of ozone in liquid carbon dioxide". Journal of Physical Chemistry 73 (9): 2935–2938. doi:10.1021/j100843a026. 
3. ^ Herman F. Cordes, Herbert P. Richter, Carl A. Heller (1969). "Mass spectrometric evidence for the existence of 1,2-dioxetanedione (carbon dioxide dimer). Chemiluminescent intermediate". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 91 (25): 7209. doi:10.1021/ja01053a065. 
4. ^ Detlef Schröder,; Helmut Schwarz, Suresh Dua, Stephen J. Blanksby and John H. Bowie (May 1999). "Mass spectrometric studies of the oxocarbons CnOn (n = 3–6)". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 188 (1–2): 17–25. doi:10.1016/S1387-3806(98)14208-2. 
5. ^ Haiyan Chen, Michel Armand, Matthieu Courty, Meng Jiang, Clare P. Grey, Franck Dolhem, Jean-Marie Tarascon, and Philippe Poizot (2009), Lithium Salt of Tetrahydroxybenzoquinone: Toward the Development of a Sustainable Li-Ion Battery J. Am. Chem. Soc., 131 (25), pp. 8984–8988 doi:10.1021/ja9024897
6. ^ J. Liebig, F. Wöhler (1830), Ueber die Zusammensetzung der Honigsteinsäure Poggendorfs Annalen der Physik und Chemie, vol. 94, Issue 2, pp.161–164. Online version accessed on 2009-07-08.
7. ^ Meyer H, Steiner K (1913.). "Über ein neues Kohlenoxyd C₁₂O₉ (A new carbon oxide C₁₂O₉)". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 46: 813–815. doi:10.1002/cber.191304601105. 
8. ^ Hans Meyer, Karl Steiner (1913.). "Über ein neues Kohlenoxyd C₁₂O₉". Berichte der Deutschen Chemischen Gesellschaft 46: 813–815. doi:10.1002/cber.191304601105. 
9. ^ Richard B. Wyrwas and Caroline Chick Jarrold (2006), Production of C6O6- from Oligomerization of CO on Molybdenum Anions. J. Am. Chem. Soc. volume 128 issue 42, pages 13688–13689. doi:10.1021/ja0643927