Otto Kleinschmidt

Otto Kleinschmidt (1870–1954) was a German theologist, pastor and ornithologist. He introduced a typological species concept into German ornithology. His Formenkreis theory influenced the early ideas of Erwin Stresemann.^[1][2] Others have considered him one of the first biogeographers. His position however was that similar "forms" (species) found in geographically distant regions could be accounted for by "formation rings" - with a fixed set of characters. This allowed him to support creationism while explaining biogeographical similarities.^[2][3]

Published works

• Kleinschmidt, O. (1900) Arten oder Formenkreise? Journal für Ornithologie 48:134-139
• Kleinschmidt A. 1950. Leben und Werk. Syllegomena Biologica. Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstage von Herrn Pastor Dr. Med. H.C. O. Kleinschmidt, Lutherstadt Wittenberg am 13. Dezember 1950 eds, A. von Jordans & F. Peus pp. 1-31. Leipzig: Wittenberg.
• Kleinschmidt O. 1897. [No title]. Journal für Ornithologie 45: 518-519.
• Kleinschmidt O. 1926. Der weitere Ausbau der Formenkreislehre. Journal für Ornithologie 74: 405-408.
• Kleinschmidt O. 1930. The Formenkreis theory and the progress of the organic world: A re-casting of the theory of descent and race-study to prepare the way for a harmonious conception of the universal reality. London, H.F. & G. Witherby.
• Kleinschmidt O. 1933 Kurzgefaßte deutsche Rassenkunde. Armanen-Verlag, Leipzig.
• Kleinschmidt O. 1933. Blut und Rasse. Die Stellung des evangelischen Christen zu den Forderungen der Eugenik. Unter Zugrundelegung eines am 18. April 1933 auf der zweiten Konferenz evangelischer Akademiker in Hannover gehaltenen Vortrags. Verlag Martin Warneck, Berlin.

References

1. ^ Stresemann, Erwin (1936) The Formenkreis-Theory. Auk 53(2):150-158 PDF
2. ^ ^{a b} Williams, D W (2007) Otto Kleinschmidt (1870-1954), biogeography and the ‘origin’ of species: From Formenkreis to progression rule. Biogeografía 1:3-9 PDF
3. ^ Croizat L. 1982. Vicariance/vicariism, panbiogeography, “vicariance biogeography,” etc.: A clarification. Systematic Zoology 31: 291-304.

Other sources

• Clancey PA. 1950. Some appreciative remarks on the work of Dr Otto Kleinschmidt by a British avian taxonomist. Syllegomena Biologica. Festschrift zum 80. Geburtstage von Herrn Pastor Dr. Med. H.C.O. Kleinschmidt, Lutherstadt Wittenberg am 13. Dezember 1950 eds, A. von Jordans & F. Peus, pp. 31-34. Leipzig: Wittenberg.

External links

• Thesis (German) in PDF

Persondata
Name	Kleinschmidt, Otto
Alternative names
Short description
Date of birth	1870
Place of birth
Date of death	1954
Place of death