General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization

General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization

The General Motors Chapter 11 sale of the assets of automobile manufacturer General Motors and some of its subsidiaries was implemented through section 363 of Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code in the United States Bankruptcy Court for the Southern District of New York. The United States government-endorsed sale enabled the NGMCO Inc[1] ("New GM") to purchase the continuing operational assets of the old GM.[2][3][4] Normal operations, including employee compensation, warranties, and other customer service were uninterrupted during the bankruptcy proceedings.[2] Operations outside of the United States were not included in the court filing.[2]

The company received debtor-in-possession financing to complete the process. GM filed for Chapter 11 reorganization in the Manhattan New York federal bankruptcy court on June 1, 2009 at approximately 8:00 am EST. June 1, 2009 was the deadline to supply an acceptable viability plan to the U.S. Treasury. The filing reported US$82.29 billion in assets and US$172.81 billion in debt.[5][6] [7][8][9]

After the Chapter 11 filing, effective Monday, June 8, 2009, GM was temporarily removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average and replaced by Cisco Systems. From Tuesday 2 June, old GM stock has traded Over the Counter (Pink Sheets/OTCBB), initially under the symbol GMGMQ[10] and currently under the symbol MTLQQ.

On July 10, 2009, a new entity completed the purchase of continuing operations, assets and trademarks of GM as a part of the 'pre-packaged' Chapter 11 reorganization.[11][12] As ranked by total assets, GM's bankruptcy marks one of the largest corporate Chapter 11 bankruptcies in U.S. history. The Chapter 11 filing was the fourth-largest in U.S. history, following Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., Washington Mutual and WorldCom Inc.[13] A new entity with the backing of the United States Treasury was formed to acquire profitable assets, under section 363 of the Bankruptcy Code, with the new company planning to issue an initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010.[14] The remaining pre-petition creditors claims are paid from the former corporation's assets.[11][14]

Background

The following table is a comparison (estimates) of the new GM and the old GM
Old GM (before July 10, 2009) New GM (after July 10, 2009)


Brands
5,900 US Dealerships 5,000
Common shareholders, bondholders and secured creditors Ownership The United States Treasury, the Canada Development Investment Corporation, Government of Ontario, Old GM bondholders, and UAW and CAW unions
47 US Plants 34
US $94.7 B Debt[15] US $17 B
91,000 US employees 68,500

General Motors was financially vulnerable before the automotive industry crisis of 2008-2009. In 2005 the company posted a loss of US$10.6 billion.[16] In 2006, its attempts to obtain U.S. government financing to support its pension liabilities and also to form commercial alliances with Nissan and Renault failed. For fiscal year 2007, GM's losses for the year were US$38.7 billion,[17] and sales for the following year dropped by 45%.[18]

On November 7, 2008 General Motors reported it had projected it would run out of cash around mid-2009 without a combination of government funding, a merger, or sales of assets.[19] Ten days later General Motors representatives, along with executives from Ford and Chrysler testified about their need for financial aid at a Congressional hearing in Washington D.C. All three companies were unsuccessful in their attempts to obtain legislation to authorize U.S. government aid, and were invited to draft a new action plan for the sustainability of the industry.[20] On December 2, 2008, General Motors submitted its "Restructuring Plan for Long-Term Viability" to the Senate Banking Committee and House of Representatives Financial Services Committee.[21] Congress declined to act, but in December 2008 the Bush administration provided a "bridge loan" to General Motors with the requirement of a revised business plan.[22] It said it needed $4.6 billion in loans within weeks, from the $18 billion it had already requested, and an additional $12 billion in financial support in order to stave off bankruptcy. On Feb. 26, 2009, General Motors announced that its cash reserves were down to $14 billion at the end of 2008. G.M. lost $30.9 billion, or $53.32 a share, in 2008 and spent $19.2 billion of its cash reserves. Mr. Wagoner met with President Obama’s auto task force, and the company said that it could not survive much longer without additional government loans.

On the March 30, 2009 deadline President Barack Obama declined to provide financial aid to General Motors, and requested that General Motors produce credible plans, saying that the company's proposals had avoided tough decisions, and that Chapter 11 bankruptcy appeared the most promising way to reduce its debts, by allowing the courts to compel bondholders and trade unions into settlements.[23] GM Chairman and CEO Rick Wagoner was also forced to resign.[24] GM bondholders rejected the government's first offer, but the unions agreed to the preferential terms.[25] A bondholder debt to equity counteroffer was ignored.[26]

Earlier restructuring efforts

Efforts to sell General Motors' European operations ran into difficulties, as the corporation was expected to file for bankruptcy protection by June 1, 2009.[27] United States government officials suggested that, if they were satisfied with the company's plans to restructure, the U.S. government would take at least a 50% equity stake and reserve the right to name board members.[28] On 31 May 2009 news broke that the U.S. would initially likely become the largest shareholder of the reorganized GM following a bankruptcy filing and re-emergence from bankruptcy. The U.S. government would invest up to $50 billion and own 60% of the new GM and the Canadian government would own 12.5%.[29][30]

Some observers also claimed that creditors were encouraged to push GM into bankruptcy protection because it would trigger a credit event, and thus a beneficial financial payout, on credit default swaps held by these creditors.[31] Due to a lack of transparency, there was no way to find out who the CDS protection buyers and protection writers were, and they were subsequently left out of the negotiation process.[32]

U.S. government-backed guarantee of warranties

On March 29, 2009 The U.S Treasury committed to fund a government guarantee of General Motors' warranty liabilities, up to US$ 360.6 million.[33][34]

On May 27, 2009, the U.S. Treasury, advanced a secured loan of US$ 360.6 million to GM, and GM issued a note to the Treasury for US$ 360.6 million, plus US$ 24.1 million as additional compensation for the warranty advance, pursuant to the terms of the Warranty Agreement dated December 31, 2008 between GM and the U.S. Treasury. The loan funded a separate account established by GM Warranty LLC, a new special purpose subsidiary of GM that was formed to operate the warranty program. GM also on May 29, 2009 contributed $49.2 million to GM Warranty LLC to fund the program.[35][36]

Proposed sale of Opel and Vauxhall

On 30 May 2009, it was announced that a deal had been reached to transfer New Opel (Opel plus Vauxhall, minus Saab)[37] assets to a separate company majority-owned by a consortium led by Sberbank of Russia (35%), Magna International of Canada (20%), and Opel employees and car dealers (10%). GM was expected to keep a 35% minority stake in the new company.[38][39] It was announced on November 3, 2009, that the GM board had decided not to sell off Opel.[40]

Chapter 11 protection

Filing

On the morning of 1 June 2009, Chevrolet-Saturn of Harlem, a dealership in Manhattan that is owned by GM itself, filed for bankruptcy protection there, followed in the same court by General Motors Corporation (the main GM in Detroit), GM's subsidiary Saturn LLC, and Saturn LLC's subsidiary Saturn Distribution Corporation. All cases were assigned to Judge Robert Gerber.[41]

The filing by the dealership declared General Motors to be a debtor in possession.[42] The dealership's filing allowed General Motors to file its own bankruptcy petition in the Southern District court of Manhattan, New York, its preferred court. Normally for such cases, the company would have filed in the courts located in the state(s) where the company is incorporated, or where it conducts operations, which for Detroit-headquartered General Motors would have been the courts in Michigan or Delaware, where it is incorporated. General Motors' attorneys, however, preferred to file in the federal courts in New York, because those courts have a reputation for expertise in bankruptcy.[43] In a press conference that began four hours and 18 minutes after the filing, the GM Chief Executive Officer, Fritz Henderson, stressed that he intended for the bankruptcy process to move quickly.[44] In addition to Mr Henderson's press conference, President of the United States Barack Obama made a speech from the White House four hours and three minutes after the court filing.[45]

Court schedule and motions

The General Motors Chapter 11 filing formally was entitled "In re General Motors Corp.", and was case number 09-50026 in the Southern District, Manhattan, New York.[46] General Motors was represented by the New York specialist law firm Weil, Gotshal & Manges. The United States Treasury was represented by the United States Attorneys Office for the Southern District of New York and Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft LLP. An ad hoc group of the bondholders of General Motors Corporation was also represented in court.[47]

One of the first motions filed in court was one to void the leases on the seven corporate jets, and corporate aircraft hangar at Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport, for being no longer valuable to the company's business — a lease that the company had, according to its spokesman, found itself unable to escape in 2008 when it had tried to.[46]

On June 1, 2009, the court gave interim approval to GM's request to borrow US$ 15 billion as debtor-in-possession funding, the company only having US$ 2 billion cash in hand. The United States Treasury argued in court that it was the only source of such debtor in possession funding, and that without the money from the loan General Motors would have no option but liquidation. Other motions in the first-day hearing included motions to approve payments to key suppliers and to employees and distributors who are in possession of goods manufactured for General Motors. All motions passed in court without substantial objection.[47][48]

The case schedule laid out by the court is as follows:

  • 2009-06-19: Deadline for filing all objections to the sale of General Motors.[48]
  • 2009-06-22: Deadline for making competing bids in the auction of General Motors' assets.[48]
  • 2009-06-25: Final hearing on the bankruptcy loan.[48]
  • 2009-07-10: Deadline for completion of the sale, requested by the U.S. Treasury and General Motors.[47][48]

Planned sale

The plan for General Motors' bankruptcy is to auction off the company's assets in a section 363 sale.[2][3][4][47][49] Because the price that these assets are expected to sell for is very high, there is expected to be only one bidder in the auction, a new company NGMCO Inc.[1] This company is formed by the United States government with a 60% stake, the federal government of Canada and provincial government of Ontario with a 12% stake, the United and Canadian Auto Workers unions[50] with a 17.5% stake, and the unsecured bondholders of General Motors with a 10% stake.[47] The selling company is called Motors Liquidation Company (see below).[51]

A creditor meeting, at the New York Hilton Hotel, held by the United States Trustee Program, was scheduled for June 3, 2009.[48]

Sale of Hummer

On June 1, 2009, GM announced that the Hummer brand would be discontinued. On October 9, they reached an agreement to sell their entire stake in the Hummer brand to China-based Sichuan Tengzhong Heavy Industrial Machinery Company Ltd.[52] and a group of private investors (Mr. Suolang Duoji, a private entrepreneur with holdings that include the Hong Kong-listed thenardite producer Lumena, would have held the remaining 20 percent stake.) The sale would have net GM around $150 million.[53][54] The deal would have included manufacturing to continue in the two plants that GM already uses to produce the Hummer trucks through June 2011, with a possible extension until 2012.

On February 24, 2010, GM announced that the sale could not be completed with Sichuan Tengzhong and that they would discontinue the brand. They were approached by several other companies interested in purchasing the Hummer brand and began reviewing potential buyers.[55] However, in the end no sale could be finalised and Hummer was declared defunct on 24th May 2010.

Sale of Saturn

On June 5, 2009, GM announced that the Saturn brand would be sold to the Penske Automotive Group.[56] GM was to continue to build the Aura, Outlook and Vue for Penske for two years, however, as of September 30, 2009, the deal had fallen through. Penske had asked GM to extend the time it was to build Saturns until it could reach a deal with the Renault Group for vehicle replacements in 2012, but since that deal fell through Penske cancelled the planned sale. GM has said that the Saturn brand will be phased out by the end of the 2009 model year, and the brand was declared defunct on 31st October 2010.

Sale of Saab

On June 16, 2009, it was announced that the Swedish firm Koenigsegg Automotive AB and a group of Norwegian investors planned to acquire the Saab brand from General Motors. GM would have continued to supply architecture and powertrain technology for an unspecified amount of time.[57] On November 24, 2009 it was announced that the sale of Saab to the Koenigsegg Group had collapsed.[58]

"We're obviously very disappointed with the decision to pull out of the Saab purchase," said GM CEO Fritz Henderson in a statement. "Given the sudden change in direction, we will take the next several days to assess the situation and will advise on the next steps next week."[59]

On February 23, 2010 GM sold Saab to Spyker Cars, later renamed Swedish Automobile.

363 Sale of assets

On July 10, 2009, GM's continuing operation operational assets were transferred to "Vehicle Acquisition Holdings LLC" which assumed the name "General Motors Company LLC".[11] [51][60] with the new company planning to issue an initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010.[14]

As part of a reorganization plan agreed to with the U.S., Canadian and Ontario governments, and the company's unions, General Motors filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection in a Manhattan court in New York on June 1, 2009, at approximately 8:00 am. The case was assigned to U.S. Bankruptcy Judge Robert Gerber. Gerber presided over the bankruptcy of Adelphia Communications Corp.[6]

Shortly after the Chapter 11 filing, it was announced that as of Monday, June 8, 2009, GM would be removed from the Dow Jones Industrial Average, to be replaced by Cisco Systems. This coincided with the announcement that Citigroup Financial would also be removed and replaced by insurer, Travelers Co.[61] Beginning June 2, GM stock traded on the Pink Sheets under the symbol GMGMQ. On July 15, the stock symbol was changed to MTLQQ.

General Motors filed for a government-assisted Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection on June 1, 2009, with a plan to re-emerge as a less debt-burdened organization.[12] The chapter 11 petition was filed in the federal court in Manhattan, New York. The filing reported US$82.29 billion in assets.[6]

The company expressed optimism in the future success of the "New GM."[62] As ranked by total assets, the Chapter 11 reorganization is one of the largest successful corporate reorganizations in U.S. history, and the fourth-largest bankruptcy in U.S. history by total assets, following Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc., Washington Mutual and WorldCom Inc.[13]

The "new GM," is formed from the purchase of the desirable assets of "old GM" by an entity called "NGMCO Inc." via the bankruptcy process.[63] NGMCO Inc. was renamed to "General Motors Company" upon purchase of the assets and trade name from "old GM," with the claims of former stakeholders to be handled by the "Motors Liquidation Company."[51][60] The purchase was supported by $50 billion in U.S. Treasury loans, giving the U.S. government a 60.8% stake. The Queen of Canada, in right of both Canada and Ontario, holds 11.7% and the United Auto Workers, through its health-care trust (VEBA), holds a further 17.5%. The remaining 10% is held by unsecured creditors.[64] On July 10, 2009, GM reported 88,000 U.S. employees, and announced plans to reduce its U.S. workforce to 68,000 by the end of 2009 after filing for bankruptcy.[65]


On July 10, 2009, a new entity, NGMCO Inc. purchased the ongoing operations and trademarks from GM.[63] The purchasing company in turn changed its name from NGMCO Inc. to General Motors Company, marking the emergence of a new operation from the "pre-packaged" Chapter 11 reorganization.[11][51][60]

Under the reorganization process, termed a 363 sale (for Section 363 which is located in Title 11, Chapter 3, Subchapter IV of the United States Code, a part of the Bankruptcy Code), the purchaser of the assets of a company in bankruptcy proceedings is able to obtain approval for the purchase from the court prior to the submission of a re-organization plan, free of liens and other claims. It’s used in most Chapter 11 cases that involve a sale of property or other assets. This process is typical of large organizations with complex branding and intellectual property rights issues upon exiting bankruptcy.[66][67][68][69] The new company plans to issue an initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010.[70]

The remaining pre-petition creditors claims are paid from assets of the Motors Liquidation Company (stock symbol MTLQQ), the new name of the former General Motors Corporation.[11][70] The directors of Motors Liquidation Company have stated that they believe shares in the company (the "old" GM) will have no value since the company has far more debts than assets.

On July 23, 2009 GM announced its new Board of Directors: Daniel Akerson (of the Carlyle Group), David Bonderman (of TPG Capital), Robert D. Krebs (a former railroad executive), Patricia F. Russo (the former CEO of Alcatel-Lucent), Ed Whitacre (GM Chairman) and Fritz Henderson (GM CEO).[71]

The U.S. Treasury financed a new company to purchase the operating assets of the old GM company in bankruptcy proceedings in the 'pre-packaged' Chapter 11 reorganization in July 2009.[12]

Brand Reorganization

In addition to selling off brands and killing brands like Pontiac and Goodwrench, General Motors Company has restructured its brand architecture and has adopted a new corporate identity.[72] The practice of putting the "GM Mark of Excellence" on every car, no matter what the brand, was discontinued in August, 2009.[73] The company has moved from a corporate-endorsed hybrid brand architecture structure, where GM underpinned every brand to a multiple brand corporate invisible brand architecture structure.[74] The company's familiar square blue "badge" has been removed from the Web site and advertising, in favor of a new, subtle all-text logo treatment.[72]

Timeline 2008-09

October 10, 2008: GM considered exchanging its remaining 49% stake in GMAC to Cerberus Capital Management for Chrysler LLC, potentially merging two of Detroit's "Big Three" automakers.[75] Acquisition talks involving Chrysler were cancelled, however, before November 7, 2008, as part of a broader response to the increasing urgency of GM's own cash flow problems. That was a result of Chrysler's senior bank debt currently trading at less than 50 cents on the dollar and because Chrysler's other owner – Daimler, formerly DaimlerChrysler – recently revalued its 19.9% Chrysler stake down to zero, which may or may not reflect its value in a potential sale.[76]

December 12, 2008: General Motors stated that it was nearly out of cash, and may not survive past 2009. The U.S. Senate voted and strongly opposed any source of government assistance through a bailout bridge loan (originally worth $14 billion in emergency aid) which was aimed toward helping the struggling Big Three automakers financially, despite strong support from President George W. Bush and President-elect Barack Obama, along with some mild support from the Democratic and Republican political parties.

Prior to the U.S. Senate's announcement, General Motors announced that it had hired several lawyers to discuss the possibility of filing for bankruptcy, with Chapter 11 bankruptcy being one of the options discussed. GM stated that "all options are on the table" for the company. Chrysler LLC, which is owned by Cerberus Capital Management, in a similar financial situation, warned that it, too, was nearly out of cash and might not survive much longer.

December 18, 2008: President Bush announced that an "orderly" bankruptcy was one option being considered for both General Motors and Cerberus-owned Chrysler LLC. Sources said that setting up this type of "orderly" bankruptcy would be complicated because it would not only involve talks with the automakers, but also the unions and other stakeholders would have to be involved.

December 19, 2008: President Bush approved a bailout plan and gave General Motors and Chrysler $13.4 billion in financing from TARP (Troubled Assets Relief Program) funds, as well as $4 billion to be "withdrawn later."

As of February 14, 2009: General Motors was considering filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy under a plan that would assemble all of their viable assets, including some U.S. brands and international operations, into a new company.[77] Less than a week later, its Saab subsidiary filed for bankruptcy protection in Sweden.[78] March 5, 2009: GM's independent public accounting firm (Deloitte & Touche) issued a qualified opinion as part of GM's 2008 annual report that stated "[these conditions] raise substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern."[79] A qualified going concern audit letter like this is only issued by the auditors when the company is in extreme financial distress and it is likely that it may file for bankruptcy protection.[80] March 12, 2009: GM's CFO Ray Young said that it would not need the requested $2B in March noting that the cost-cutting measures are starting to take hold.[81]

March 29, 2009: GM's Chairman and CEO, Rick Wagoner, agreed to immediately resign his position as part of an Obama administration automotive restructuring plan. Wagoner was replaced by Fritz Henderson.[82] In announcing that plan, on March 30, 2009, President Obama stated that both GM and Chrysler may need to use "our bankruptcy code as a mechanism to help them restructure quickly and emerge stronger."[83] He also announced that the warranties on cars made by these companies would be guaranteed by the U.S. Government. March 31, 2009: President Barack Obama announced that he would give GM 60 additional days to try and restructure their company and prove their viability. If they succeeded, Washington would provide General Motors with additional bridge loans. However, if GM could meet the requirements set by the White House, a prepackaged bankruptcy is probable. President Obama reiterated that GM will be part of the future even if bankruptcy is necessary.[84]

April 22, 2009: GM stated that it will not be able to make their June 1, 2009 debt payment.[85]

April 24, 2009: GM announced that they will be scrapping the Pontiac brand in an effort to invest more money into their major brands (Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, and GMC).[86]

May 4, 2009: German Economy Minister Karl-Theodor zu Guttenberg said Fiat (among others)[87] might be interested in the GM European unit.[88]

June 1, 2009: GM filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy,[6] the fourth largest filing in the United States history after Lehman Brothers, Washington Mutual, and Worldcom.[13]

July 10, 2009: A new company financed by the United States Treasury, "NGMCO Inc"[1] purchased the most of the assets, and the trademarks of the General Motors Corporation. Vehicle Acquisition Holdings LLC then changed its name to "General Motors Company". The General Motors Corporation (old GM) in turn changed its name to "Motors Liquidation Company" and it continued in bankruptcy proceedings to settle with its bondholders, and on other liabilities. The new GM company, after the purchase of most of the assets of "old GM" is not a participant in the continuing bankruptcy proceedings of Motors Liquidation Company (Old GM). The "new GM" is mostly owned by the United States Government.[51][60][89][90][91]

Motors Liquidation Company

General Motors Corporation, upon sale of its major assets, trademarks and intellectual property on July 10, 2009, pursuant to the provisions of section 363 of the Bankruptcy Code, was renamed as Motors Liquidation Company.[90] It continued its bankruptcy court proceedings which will ultimately lead to settling liability claims.[89][90] Motors Liquidation Company announced on July 10, 2009 in relation to its equity and debt investors:[90]

Management continues to remind investors of its strong belief that there will be no value for the common stockholders in the bankruptcy liquidation process, even under the most optimistic of scenarios. Stockholders of a company in chapter 11 generally receive value only if all claims of the company's secured and unsecured creditors are fully satisfied. In this case, management strongly believes all such claims will not be fully satisfied, leading to its conclusion that the common stock will have no value.

None of the publicly owned stocks or bonds issued by the former General Motors Corporation (now renamed "Motors Liquidation Company"), including its common stock formerly traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "GM", are or will become securities of General Motors Company (the "new GM"), which is an independent separate company. All of these securities relate to Motors Liquidation Company, and will be treated in accordance with the provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code and the rulings of the Bankruptcy court.

Motors Liquidation Company's stock symbol was changed from GMGMQ to MTLQQ, effective July 15, 2009.

New General Motors

The new General Motors is named General Motors Company LLC which is separate and independent from the old corporation.The new company retains four of its major brands: Chevrolet, Cadillac, GMC, and Buick. Also the company is planning to keep 3600 out of 6000 of its US dealerships. Lastly, the company is shutting down 14 of its US plants, which will eliminate 20000 of its 80000 current employees. The General Motors Company is now a smaller, restructured version of the former General Motors Corporation. [92]

Bailouts

European Loans

GM received loans from European governments in 2009, and has reduced its ownership stake in European operations as part of its reorganization."[93] As of July 10, 2009, the new GM has over $40 billion in cash, with the company's reorganized liability total of $48.8 billion which includes $24.4 billion to be paid to the Voluntary Employee Benefits Association (VEBA) trust, $9 billion to the U.S. and Canadian governments, and $15 billion in liabilities to suppliers and other bills. GM is slated to pay $10 billion to the VEBA trust in December 2009, with the remainder being paid in increments from 2012-19. GM isn't required to make contributions to its pension fund until 2013, but it may elect to if needed, since the company contribued $15.2 billion to its pension fund in 2003. Stock market conditions cause the fund value to fluctuate. In February 2009, GM's combined pension fund had about $85 billion in assets, $56 billion in assets for hourly pensions and $29 billion in assets for salaried pensions.[94] The domain name gm.com attracted at least 7 million visitors annually by 2008.[95]

United States

Although the Obama administration had initially provided the automaker five years to repay the money in full, in March 2010 GM made more than $2 billion in payments to the U.S. and Canadian governments and promised to pay the full balance of the loan portion by June. The company beat that self-imposed deadline when on April 21, 2010, GM CEO Ed Whitacre Jr. announced that the company had paid back the entire amount of the U.S. and Canadian government loans, with interest, a total of $8.1 billion. The government still has $2.1 billion invested in preferred shares that pay dividends, plus a 61% share of common equity valued at about $45 billion to the U.S. and another $8.1 billion to Canada. Improved sales of new models are cited as improving the company's cash flow and allowing for the early payments. GM is also investing hundreds of millions in assembly plants in Kansas and Detroit, credited for preserving jobs.[96][dead link]

Some congressmen were critical of the statement that GM had repaid the loan from TARP calling it a "lie to the American people". At issue is the money for the loan repayment came from other bailout funds housed in an escrow account belonging to the company. In a letter from Rep. Darrell Issa and Rep. Jim Jordan to Ed Whitacre, it is called an "attempt to disguise what is merely the exchange of one pool of taxpayer money for another pool of taxpayer money as 'real progress'". Senator Charles E. Grassley, Republican of Iowa called it a government-enabled “TARP money shuffle.”[97][98][99]

The Competitive Enterprise Institute said it filed a false-advertising complaint with the Federal Trade Commission.[100]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c http://publish.media.gm.com/content/media/us/en/news/news_detail.brand_gm.html/content/Pages/news/us/en/2009/Jul/0706_AssetSale
  2. ^ a b c d GM Announces Agreement with U.S. Treasurey and Canadian Governments Providing Fast Track to Competititve Future for "New GM" General Motors Press Release, June 1, 2009.
  3. ^ a b "Debtors Motion to Approve the Sale Pursuant to the Master Sale and Purchase Agreement with Vehicle Acquisition Holdings, LLC, a U.S. Treasury-sponsored Purchaser, Free and Clear of Liens, Claims, Encumbrances, and Other Interests". Court Documents and Claim Register, 363 Transaction Pleadings (General Motors Corporation). June 1, 2009. http://d38e0yhv9tix0p.cloudfront.net/pdflib/pleading_1.pdf. Retrieved June 3, 2009. 
  4. ^ a b Beck, Rachel; (Associated Press) (June 2, 2009). "Corporate Bankruptcy: What Investors Need to Know: When debts outweigh assets, as with GM and Chrysler, protection can help businesses reorganize or liquidate. A guide to bankruptcy's risks and rewards". Business Week. http://www.businessweek.com/investor/content/jun2009/pi2009062_199863.htm. Retrieved June 3, 2009. 
  5. ^ "The 10 largest U.S. bankruptcies". CNNMoney.com (Cable News Network): p. General Motors. 2009-06-01. http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2009/fortune/0905/gallery.largest_bankruptcies.fortune/4.html. Retrieved 2009-06-02. 
  6. ^ a b c d Sandler, Linda; Chris Scinta, Bob Van Voris & Jeff Green (June 1, 2009). "GM Files Bankruptcy to Spin Off More Competitive Firm (Update4)". Bloomberg.com (Bloomberg LP). http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a4brqCWwvYXY. Retrieved June 1, 2009. 
  7. ^ Sanger, David E.; Jeff Zeleny & Bill Vlasic (May 31, 2009). "G.M. to Seek Bankruptcy and a New Start: A Risky Bet to Save an Icon of American Capitalism". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/01/business/01auto.html. Retrieved June 1, 2009. 
  8. ^ Sanger, David E. (May 31, 2009). "G.M. to Seek Bankruptcy and a New Start". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/01/business/01auto.html. Retrieved June 1, 2009. 
  9. ^ Maynard, Micheline (May 29, 2009). "After 93 Years, G.M. Shares Go Out on a Low Note". New York Times. http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/05/29/after-93-years-gm-shares-go-out-on-a-low-note/. Retrieved June 1, 2009. 
  10. ^ "Worthless GM stock will keep trading, but not on NYSE". Los Angeles Times. June 1, 2009. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/money_co/2009/06/traders-are-still-having-fun-with-general-motors-corp-shares-today-the-stock-plunged-as-low-as-27-cents-this-morning-after.html. Retrieved July 10, 2009. 
  11. ^ a b c d e Stoll, John D., and Neil King Jr. (July 10, 2009).GM Emerges From Bankruptcy.The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on July 10, 2009.
  12. ^ a b c 12:11 p.m. ET. "Obama: GM bankruptcy viable, achievable - Autos- msnbc.com". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31030038/. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 
  13. ^ a b c Tkaczyk, Christopher (June 1, 2009). "The 10 Largest U.S. Bankruptcies: From Lehman to Texaco, the Mighty Have Fallen, Taking Down Billions and Billions with Them". money.cnn.com (Fortune). http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2009/fortune/0905/gallery.largest_bankruptcies.fortune. Retrieved June 1, 2009. 
  14. ^ a b c Stoll, John D., and David McLaughlin (July 2, 2009).General Motors Aims for IPO Next Year.The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on July 10, 2009.
  15. ^ GM results 11/16/09
  16. ^ General Motors Corp. (2005). "GENERAL MOTORS CORPORATION - Form 10-K". p. II-53. http://sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/40730/000095012406001534/k03376e10vk.htm. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 
  17. ^ Wearden, G. (28 May 2009). "General Motors - countdown to collapse". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/may/28/general-motors-collapse. Retrieved 2009-05-29. 
  18. ^ Usborne, D. (14 November 2008). "The Big Question: Why is General Motors in such trouble, and can it be saved?". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/the-big-question-why-is-general-motors-in-such-trouble-and-can-it-be-saved-1017824.html. Retrieved 2009-05-29. 
  19. ^ Gow, D. (8 November 2008). "We'll go bust without bail-out or merger, says General Motors". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/nov/08/general-motors-us-economy. Retrieved 2009-05-29. 
  20. ^ Detroit Chiefs Plead for Aid. New York Times on November 18, 2008.. Retrieved November 21, 2008.
  21. ^ Restructuring Plan for Long-Term Viability
  22. ^ David E. Sanger, David M. Herszenhorn, Bill Vlasic (2008-12-19). "Bush Aids Detroit, but Hard Choices Wait for Obama". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/20/business/20auto.html. Retrieved 2009-09-19. 
  23. ^ Clark, A. (30 March 2009). Obama threatens US car industry with bankruptcy. London: Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/mar/30/obama-threatens-bankruptcy-us-carmakers. Retrieved 2009-05-29. 
  24. ^ "GM chief out in bailout shakeout". CNNMoney.com. 2009-03-30. http://money.cnn.com/2009/03/29/news/companies/auto_bailout/index.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-19. 
  25. ^ "'Bankruptcy likely' for General Motors". London: The Independent. 27 May 2009. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/bankruptcy-likely-for-general-motors-1691469.html. Retrieved 2009-05-29. 
  26. ^ "GM Bondholders Seek 58% Equity Stake With Debt Offer". Bloomberg. 30 April 2009. http://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=aSGbKv4baG_g&refer=canada#. Retrieved 2009-10-12. 
  27. ^ "US begins GM bankruptcy planning". BBC. 28 May 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8072536.stm. Retrieved 2009-05-29. 
  28. ^ "US 'to steer General Motors into bankruptcy next week'". London: The Times. May 22, 2009. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/engineering/article6339454.ece. Retrieved 2009-05-29. 
  29. ^ CNN, 31 May 2009, General Motors on the brink
  30. ^ The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/06/01/AR2009060101480.html. [dead link]
  31. ^ "Gannett and the Side Effects of Default Swaps". The New York Times. June 23, 2009. http://dealbook.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/06/23/gannett-and-the-side-effects-of-default-swaps/. Retrieved January 3, 2010. 
  32. ^ "Protecting GM from Credit Default Swap Holders". Firedoglake. May 14, 2009. http://firedoglake.com/2009/05/14/protecting-gm-from-credit-default-swap-holders/. Retrieved July 14, 2009. 
  33. ^ "Obama Administration's New Warranty Commitment Program". Press Release (United States Department of the Treasury). March 30, 2009. http://www.treas.gov/initiatives/eesa/AIFP/WarranteeCommitmentProgram.pdf. Retrieved June 3, 2009. 
  34. ^ "President Obama's remarks on U.S. car industry". Yahoo! News. Reuters. March 30, 2009. http://uk.news.yahoo.com/22/20090330/tbs-uk-autos-obama-remarks-sb-03c9bed.html. 
  35. ^ Thiruvengadam, Meena; (Dow Jones) (May 29, 2009). "US Treasury Funds GM Warranty Program In Case Of Liquidation". CNNMoney.com (Cable News Network). http://money.cnn.com/news/newsfeeds/articles/djf500/200905291712DOWJONESDJONLINE000835_FORTUNE5.htm. Retrieved June 4, 2009. [dead link]
  36. ^ General Motors Corporation (June 1, 2009). "Form 8-K General Motors Corporation: Creation of a Direct Financial Obligation or an Obligation under an Off-Balance Sheet Arrangement of a Registrant (May 27, 2009)". EDGAR (Securities and Exchange Commission). http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=84530&p=irol-SECText&TEXT=aHR0cDovL2NjYm4uMTBrd2l6YXJkLmNvbS94bWwvZmlsaW5nLnhtbD9pcGFnZT02MzU3ODQyJmRvYz0xJmF0dGFjaD1vbg%3d%3d. Retrieved June 4, 2009. 
  37. ^ http://apps.detnews.com/apps/blogs/autosblog/index.php?blogid=788&source=nletter-business
  38. ^ "Germany picks Magna to save Opel". BBC News. May 30, 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8074924.stm. 
  39. ^ Weber, Tim (May 30, 2009). "Analysis: Opel's survival still at stake". BBC News. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8075157.stm. 
  40. ^ Vlasic, Bill (November 3, 2009). "G.M. Decides to Keep Opel, Its European Unit". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/04/business/global/04gm.html?hp. Retrieved 2009-11-03. 
  41. ^ "GM Follows NYC Dealership Affiliate to Obtain NYC Venue for Its Bankruptcy". Ohio Practical Business Law. Columbus, Ohio: Teri Ramussen, Plunkett Cooney P.C.. 2009-06-01. http://www.ohiopracticalbusinesslaw.com/2009/06/articles/bankruptcy/gm-follows-nyc-dealership-affiliate-to-obtain-nyc-venue-for-its-bankruptcy/. Retrieved 2009-06-02. 
  42. ^ John Hughes, Caroline Salas, Jeff Green, and Bob Van Voris (2009-06-01). "GM Begins Bankruptcy Process With Filing for Affiliate". Bloomberg.com. http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=aw4F_L7E4xYg. 
  43. ^ Tom Hals and Martha Graybow (2009-06-01). "GM bankruptcy forever linked to Harlem dealership". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSTRE55050V20090601. 
  44. ^ Jeremy Smerd (2009-06-01). "General Motors' Workforce Faces Big Cuts at an ‘Unadulterated Speed’". Workforce Management (Crain Communications Inc.). http://workforce.com/section/00/article/26/46/06.php. 
  45. ^ Joseph B. White (2009-06-02). "For the New GM, A Final Challenge to Please Drivers". Wall Street Journal Online (Dow Jones & Company). http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124389554912174089.html. 
  46. ^ a b Edvard Pettersso (2009-06-02). "General Motors Asks Judge to Void Seven Corporate Jet Leases". Bloomberg.com. http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601103&sid=ayXMRo33_6YU. 
  47. ^ a b c d e Emily Chasan and Phil Wahba (2009-06-01). "GM asks for bankruptcy sale in 30 days". Reuters. http://reuters.com/article/businessNews/idUSTRE5507X420090601. 
  48. ^ a b c d e f Christopher Scinta (2009-06-02). "GM Wins Approval of $15 Billion Loan, Auction Plan (Update1)". Bloomberg.com. http://bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=a4Ly7v8rUexg. 
  49. ^ James Quinn (2009-06-01). "GM files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/transport/general-motors/5421879/GM-files-for-Chapter-11-bankruptcy-protection.html. 
  50. ^ "GM Press Release". Wall Street Journal. June 4, 2009. http://blogs.wsj.com/autoshow/2009/06/01/gm-press-release-on-new-gm/. 
  51. ^ a b c d e Maynard, Micheline (July 10, 2009). "A Primer on the New General Motors". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11primer.html. Retrieved July 10, 2009. 
  52. ^ Smith, Aaron (June 2, 2009). "Who bought Hummer? Sichuan Tengzhong of China". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2009/06/02/news/companies/gm_hummer/index.htm?postversion=2009060207. Retrieved March 30, 2010. 
  53. ^ http://www.autoblog.com/2009/10/09/breaking-gm-source-say-hummer-sold-to-chinese/
  54. ^ Sichuan Tengzhong (Official statement)
  55. ^ http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world_business/view/1040245/1/.html
  56. ^ Goldman, David; Valdes-Dapena, Peter (June 5, 2009). "GM to sell Saturn to Penske". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2009/06/05/news/companies/saturn_penske/?postversion=2009060511. Retrieved March 30, 2010. 
  57. ^ Goldstein, Steve (2009-06-16). "GM, Koenigsegg reach tentative Saab deal". MarketWatch.com. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/gm-koenigsegg-reach-tentative-deal-on-saab. Retrieved 2009-06-16. 
  58. ^ "Saab story: Sale to Koenigsegg falls apart, GM may kill brand". USAToday.com. November 24, 2009. http://www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2009-11-24-saab-no-deal_N.htm. Retrieved 2009-12-04. 
  59. ^ "Saab Sale Dead As Koenigsegg Group Terminates Purchase". MotorAuthority.com. http://www.motorauthority.com/blog/1038983_saab-sale-dead-as-koenigsegg-group-terminates-purchase. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  60. ^ a b c d de la Merced, Michael (July 10, 2009). "With Sale of Good Assets, G.M. Out of Bankruptcy". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/11/business/11auto.html. Retrieved July 10, 2009. 
  61. ^ Hall, Kevin (June 1, 2009). "Humbled GM files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy". miamiherald.com (McClatchy Newspapers). http://www.miamiherald.com/news/politics/AP/story/1076071.html. Retrieved June 1, 2009. [dead link]
  62. ^ "GM Media Online". Media.gm.com. http://media.gm.com/servlet/GatewayServlet?target=http://image.emerald.gm.com/gmnews/viewpressreldetail.do?domain=827&docid=54585. Retrieved 2009-07-15. [dead link]
  63. ^ a b GM Press release. Retrieved on July 10, 2009.
  64. ^ "GM plans to exit bankruptcy this week | detnews.com | The Detroit News". detnews.com. http://www.detnews.com/article/20090706/AUTO01/907060374/1148/auto01/GM+plans+to+exit+bankruptcy+this+week. Retrieved 2009-07-09. 
  65. ^ Isidore, Chris (July 10, 2009). "GM out of bankruptcy as new company is formed - Jul. 10, 2009". Money.cnn.com. http://money.cnn.com/2009/07/10/news/companies/new_gm/?postversion=2009071016. Retrieved 2009-07-13. 
  66. ^ Evarts, Eric (June 23, 2009). "Consumer groups object to GM bankruptcy". Consumer Reports. http://blogs.consumerreports.org/cars/2009/06/consumer-groups-object-to-gm-bankruptcy-over-lemon-law-and-product-liability-claims.html. Retrieved July 12, 2009. 
  67. ^ Harrison, Edward (June 10, 2009). "Is the GM section 363 Bankruptcy Plan Really a Stealth Re-organization Plan?". Naked Capitalism. http://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2009/06/guest-post-is-gm-section-363-bankruptcy.html. Retrieved July 12, 2009. 
  68. ^ Beene, Ryan (April 1, 2009). "How a 'Section 363' sale creates a new GM". Automotive News (Crain Communications, Inc.). http://www.autonews.com/article/20090401/ANA02/904019958. Retrieved July 12, 2009. 
  69. ^ 11 U.S.C. ch.3 subch.IV
  70. ^ a b Stoll, John D.; David McLaughlin (July 2, 2009). "General Motors Aims for IPO Next Year". Wall Street Journal. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB124646098696280443.html. Retrieved July 10, 2009. 
  71. ^ "GM Names Its Government-Appointed Board Members - Automotive * US * News * Story". CNBC.com. 2009-07-23. http://www.cnbc.com/id/32108453. Retrieved 2009-07-30. [dead link]
  72. ^ a b http://merriamassociates.com/2010/11/general-motors-a-reorganized-brand-architecture-for-a-reorganized-company/
  73. ^ Woodyard, Chris (August 26, 2009). "General Motors to remove its 'Mark of Excellence' logos from new cars". USA Today. http://content.usatoday.com/communities/driveon/post/2009/08/68497806/1. 
  74. ^ http://merriamassociates.com/2009/09/approaches-to-brand-architecture/
  75. ^ Reports: Chrysler, GM discuss merger, acquisition
  76. ^ Bloomberg.com GM Says It May Run Out of Operating Cash This Year (Update2) By Jeff Green and Mike Ramsey
  77. ^ "GM considering Chapter 11 filing, new company: report | U.S.". Reuters. 2009-02-14. http://www.reuters.com/article/newsOne/idUSTRE51D1Q120090214. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 
  78. ^ Dougherty, Carter and Maynard, Micheline (February 20, 2009). "Saab Distances Itself from GM". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/21/business/worldbusiness/21auto.html. 
  79. ^ Langlois, Shawn and Goldstein, Steve (March 5, 2009). "GM, auditor express doubts over survival". MarketWatch. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/gm-auditor-express-doubts-over-survival?dist=msr_4. 
  80. ^ Tom Krisher (March 5, 2009). "GM's Auditors Raise the Specter of Bankruptcy". Yahoo! Finance. http://finance.yahoo.com/news/GM-auditors-raise-doubts-on-apf-14550933.html. 
  81. ^ 11:50 a.m. ET (2009-03-12). "GM says it doesn’t need $2B from government - Autos- msnbc.com". MSNBC. http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/29657254/. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 
  82. ^ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay, and Vlasic, Bill (March 30, 2009). "U.S. Lays Down Terms for Auto Bailout". New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/30/business/30auto.html. 
  83. ^ President Obama's remarks on U.S. auto industry, March 30, 2009
  84. ^ "Obama: GM Gets 60 Days to Restructure, Otherwise Quick Surgical Bankruptcy | GM-VOLT : Chevy Volt Electric Car Site". Gm-Volt. http://gm-volt.com/2009/03/30/government-decision-gm-gets-60-days-to-restructure-otherwise-quick-surgical-bankruptcy/. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 
  85. ^ Detroit Free Press. April 22, 2009
  86. ^ Valdes, Peter (April 24, 2009). "GM to pull the plug on Pontiac car brand - Apr. 24, 2009". Money.cnn.com. http://money.cnn.com/2009/04/24/autos/pontiac_obit/. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 
  87. ^ "Not So Fast, Fiat: Russians Interested in Opel, Too". Auto Observer. 2009-05-06. http://www.autoobserver.com/2009/05/not-so-fast-fiat-russians-interested-in-opel-too.html. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 
  88. ^ "Fiat targets GM unit". .journalnow.com. 2009-05-05. http://www2.journalnow.com/content/2009/may/05/fiat-targets-gm-unit/business/. Retrieved 2009-06-01. [dead link]
  89. ^ a b "Motors Liquidation Company". July 10, 2009. http://www.motorsliquidationdocket.com. Retrieved July 10, 2009. 
  90. ^ a b c d "Court Documents and Claims Register". Motors Liquidation Company. July 10, 2009. http://www.motorsliquidation.com. Retrieved July 10, 2009. 
  91. ^ "GM Expected to Emerge from Bankruptcy by Friday". FOX News. 2009-07-09. http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,531022,00.html. Retrieved 2009-07-10. 
  92. ^ Chris Isidore. "'New' GM is Born". cnn date= July, 10 2009 accessdate=25 October 2011. http://money.cnn.com/2009/07/10/news/companies/new_gm/. 
  93. ^ "Howes: GM's 20-year global plan unraveling". detnews.com. March 5, 2009. http://www.detnews.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090305/OPINION03/903050366/1148/&source=nletter-business. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 
  94. ^ Burr, Barry S. (February 23, 2009).GM's pension fund. Crain communications, Pensions & Investments. Retrieved on July 15, 2009.
  95. ^ "Site Profile for gm.com (rank #1,388)". Siteanalytics.compete.com. http://siteanalytics.compete.com/gm.com?metric=uv. Retrieved 2009-06-01. 
  96. ^ http://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hij2hVGuCY0y8eoe3MwKGnw7WW_QD9F7IM600/ AP: GM pays back government loans from US, Canada DEADLINK
  97. ^ By Alice Gomstyn and Matthew Jaffe (2010-04-30). "GM Under Fire for 'Misleading' Bailout Ad". ABC news. http://abcnews.go.com/Business/general-motors-fire-misleading-bailout-ad/story?id=10513568. Retrieved 2010-05-01. 
  98. ^ David Shepardson (2010-04-29). "GM 'close to committing fraud' in ad, lawmaker charges". Detroit News. http://www.detnews.com/article/20100429/AUTO01/4290473/1148/AUTO01/GM--close-to-commiting-fraud--in-ad--lawmaker-charges. Retrieved 2010-05-01. 
  99. ^ Morgenson, Gretchen (2010-04-30). "Repaying Taxpayers With Their Own Cash". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/05/02/business/02gret.html?ref=business. Retrieved 2010-05-03. 
  100. ^ "GM's advertising called misleading". The Boston Globe. May 14, 2010. http://www.boston.com/business/articles/2010/05/14/gms_advertising_called_misleading/. 

External links


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Поможем написать реферат

Look at other dictionaries:

  • General Motors — Company Type Public Traded as NYSE: GM TSX:  …   Wikipedia

  • Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization — See also: History of Chrysler, Automotive industry crisis of 2008 2009, Chrysler, and Cerberus Capital Management Chrysler LLC and twenty four of its affiliated subsidiaries filed a consolidated petition for bankruptcy on April 30, 2009,… …   Wikipedia

  • Motors Liquidation Company — logo Motors Liquidation Company (MLC), formerly MTLQQ on OTC Pink, was the company left to settle past liability claims from General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization. It exited bankruptcy on 31 March 2011 only to be carved into four trusts; the… …   Wikipedia

  • Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code — Bankruptcy in the United States Bankruptcy in the United States Authority · History U.S. Trustee Court  …   Wikipedia

  • Diamond-Star Motors — For the airport serving Matamoros, Mexico, assigned the ICAO code MMMA, see General Servando Canales International Airport. Mitsubishi Motors North America, Inc. (MMNA) Manufacturing Division Type Subsidiary Industry Automobile manufacturing… …   Wikipedia

  • Chrysler — This article is about Chrysler Group LLC. For the flagship car division of Chrysler Group, LLC, see Chrysler (division). For other uses, see Chrysler (disambiguation). Chrysler Group LLC Type Limited liability company …   Wikipedia

  • Late-2000s financial crisis — The TED spread (in red) increased significantly during the financial crisis, reflecting an increase in perceived credit risk …   Wikipedia

  • Subprime mortgage crisis — Part of a series on: Late 2000s financial crisis Major dimensions …   Wikipedia

  • Late-2000s recession — This article is about economic recession during the early twenty first century. For background financial market events dating from 2007, see Late 2000s financial crisis. Late 2000s recession around the world Africa Americas South America United… …   Wikipedia

  • Lehman Brothers — Industry Investment services Fate Chapter 11 bankruptcy Founded 1850, Montgomery, Alabama, US …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”