Old time fiddle

Old-time music
Stylistic origins	British folk, African music, minstrel, Tin Pan Alley, gospel, Appalachian music
Cultural origins	English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, African, French, German, Spanish
Typical instruments	Old time fiddle, guitar, banjo
Derivative forms	Bluegrass, country, Cajun fiddle
Other topics
American folk music revival

Bill Henseley, Mountain Fiddler, Asheville, North Carolina

Old time fiddle is a genre of American folk music. "Old time fiddle tunes" may be played on fiddle, banjo or other instruments but are nevertheless called "fiddle tunes". The genre has European origins and traces from the colonization of North America by immigrants from England, France, Germany, Ireland, and Scotland in the 1600s and thereafter.^[1] It is separate and distinct from traditions which it has influenced or which may in part have evolved from it, such as bluegrass, country blues, variants of western swing and country rock.

Definition and distinction of old time fiddle

Newer traditions have grown out of old time fiddle music but it retains a separate and distinct identity from those styles. These include bluegrass and Western swing and to some degree country rock. However, the positive statement of what, exactly, constitutes the true and authentic delineation of old time fiddle music is not necessarily unambiguous. Different sources draw a sharper distinction than others, and there is a good deal of overlap which purists will acknowledge to a varying degree. The areas of overlap are primarily with bluegrass, Western swing (Texas swing),　country and even rock.

Narrow use of the term

Art Stamper plays in both Appalachia Old Time and bluegrass styles. In autobiographical material posted on his artist website,^[2] the writer asserts Stamper's contiguity with "old time and mountain" music, that he learned "the Appalachian fiddle style" from his father, but that Art "Art also played bluegrass fiddle..." continuing that "Whether playing Appalachian fiddle or bluegrass fiddle, Art was a musical marvel."

Old Time purists

In an essay with the short title Why Old TIme is Different from Bluegrass,^[3] Allan Feldman argues against the proposal of an "inclusive cover name that would bring oldtime music, bluegrass, clawgrass and dawg music under the same umbrella in order to attract new audiences. The unfortunate trend in this country is to homogenize things. I think oldtime music stands against homogenization."Having thus staked ground out for himself as a purist, he continues that "he for one celebrates the fact that oldtime music is not bluegrass or dawg music or new grass or even claw grass". He identifies the following categorical distinctions which set Old Time apart:

• "Oldtime" works from different tonal centers
• it uses open tunings
• it uses harmonic resonant overtones
• it uses incidentals^{[clarification needed]}
• it mixes non-tempered scales with harmonization
• or it is completely modal.

He continues in direct comparison with bluegrass or country western, emphasizing the difference between songs which, as opposed to tunes, have lyrics and are primarily for listening rather than for dancing.

• largely dance centered and not song centered
• many of its songs are verses to dance tunes
• most of its songs were meant for solo and unaccompanied performance in their oldest form.^[3]

Blending

Although there is considerable published opinion sharply distinguishing Old Time from other genres of fiddle music, there is also area of overlap. Unlike many states which support independent Old Time and bluegrass associations, the Minnesota Bluegrass & Old-Time Music Association intermingles the genres.

Peter Anick is a noted authority on fiddle music genres and is co-author with David Reiner of Old-Time Fiddling Across America^[1] and a contributor of feature articles and “Folk Routes” columns for Fiddler magazine. Old Time Fiddling Across America has selections from Northeast, Southeast and Western regions, but also includes in the same volume "ethnic styles" including Cajun, Irish, Scandinavian, Klezmer, and Eastern European fiddling. Also potentially supporting expansive usage is a review of Portland, Oregon's old time Foghorn Stringband in Lonesome Highway, a “music portal for hard core country, folk, bluegrass, roots, and Americana” characterizes that ostensibly pure Old Time band as “ass kickin’ redneck stringband music” with influences from The Carter Family, Kitty Wells and Doc Watson. This blurring of the lines even touches the Vince Gill song named Old Time Fiddle:

I wanna hear an old time fiddle

Play an old time fiddle song

I might even drink just a little

If you play Little Jolie Blon

Repertoire

• Two step
• Reels
• Jigs
• Polka
• Schottishe
• Waltz

Traditional old time fiddle tunes

This is the base repertoire of public domain tunes with no known authorship. Many of these tunes have rich historical signification.^[4]

• The Sailor's Hornpipe Maritime tune played by old time fiddlers
• 500 Miles a lonesome railroad song with lyrics
• Battle of New Orleans
• Eighth of January
• Coal Creek March
• Cotton Eyed Joe
• Last Gold Dollar
• Cripple Creek
• Cumberland Gap
• Old Joe Clark
• Cumberland Gap
• Old Joe Clark
• Darling Nellie Gray
• Sally Goodin’ which is also played in bluegrass as are many Old Time tunes
• Shoot That Turkey Buzzard
• What Are You Going to Do With the Baby O?
• Wildwood Flower
• Waltzing in Old San Antone
• Whiskey Before Breakfast
• Snow Deer
• Turkey in the Straw
• Casey's Oldtime Waltz
• Red Wing

Composed music in the tradition

Old time music is based upon aural transmission of tunes whose authorship has been lost to antiquity and thus public domain repertoire. Some such tunes as have achieved such acceptance are widely known but most if not all fiddlers, even those who are not Old Time specialists.

• Wild Rose of the Mountain, J.P.Fraley
• Blackberry Blossom
• Orange Blossom Special

History and sub-genres

Fiddlin' John Carson is one of the canonical historic figures in old time.^[1] Other famous and important figures include Fiddlin' Arthur Smith, Charlie Higgins and countless figures known only in local oral histories.

Old time fiddling has recognized regional variants which are distinguished from regional variants of bluegrass, Celtic and other styles. For instance, Texas Old Time fiddle, is distinct from Texas swing fiddle, Texas blues and Texas rock. It is Old Time, like its relatives in other regional genres (or sub genres) but it is a distinct form in its own right, according to its proponents. For instance, the Texas Old Time Fiddler's Association asserts the uniqueness, and superiority, of "Texas-style of old time fiddling". In an essay entitled The Origins of the Texas-Style of Traditional Old Time Fiddling, the organizations asserts that "the Texas fiddler avoids the repetition and monotony of the two-part Appalachian fiddle tune in favor of those tunes that are more complex and exceed the two-part limit".^[5]

Cajun fiddle is based on French-speaking Acadian culture in Louisiana and Texas and includes copious use of double stops and distinctive rhythms.

Preservation and propagation

Much of contemporary old time fiddling is taught at regional and national fiddler's meetups.^[6] The traditional authentic method of learning to play is based upon an oral tradition as with all folk music forms. Traditions are maintained by Old Time Fiddler's Associations throughout the US.^[7] America's Old Time Fiddler's Hall of Fame is maintained by the National Traditional Country Music Association located in Pioneer Music Museum in Anita, Iowas.^[8] Film is also a major means of preserving and propagating old time music.

Festivals, contests and fiddle camps

Breakin' Up Winter

The Fiddler’s Grove Ole Time Fiddler’s & Bluegrass Festival bills itself as the home of the oldest continuous old time fiddling contest in North America.^[9]

According to Winifred Ward, fiddle contests "evolved from being endurance fiddling events to playing a set number of tunes".^[10] Contests are highly evolved in Texas, where twin fiddling is also popular.

The national contest is held in June of each year in Weiser, Idaho.^[11]

Notable contemporary performers

Working lumberjacks playing fiddle 1943

Currently active old time fiddlers listed on David Lynch's The Old-Time Fiddler's Hall of Fame website include Kerry Blech and Bruce Greene.^[12]

Carolina Chocolate Drops

Main article: Carolina Chocolate Drops

The Drops are an old-time string band from North Carolina but their music defies easy categorization. Their view of tradition is well expressed by a quote prominently featured on their website:

“Tradition is a guide, not a jailer. We play in an older tradition but we are modern musicians.”

"Genuine Negro Jig" (2010) won the Grammy Award for Best Traditional Folk Album. Members Rhiannon Giddens, Dom Flemons, and Justin Robinson exchange instruments including fiddle, banjo, kazoo. Much of their repertoire, which is based on the traditional music of the Piedmont region of North and South Carolina, from the eminent African American old-time fiddler Joe Thompson, although they also perform old-time versions of some modern songs such as Blu Cantrell's R&B hit "Hit 'em Up Style (Oops!)."

Foghorn Stringband

Main article: Foghorn Stringband

Formerly known as Foghorn Leghorn, this Portland Oregon band holds itself out as "ass kickin' redneck" music and has solid critical^[13] and popular following as an authentic embodiment of the old time tradition.^[14] Their fiddler, Stephen ‘Sammy’ Lind, plays with no neck pad and allows the instrument to rest at a comfortably low position that would arouse the ire of any violin teacher. He also chokes the bow, doubling the violation of violinistic technique but clearly establishing his open tuning fiddle playing in the camp of fiddle rather than violin. Their repertoire is 100% Old Time and they staunchly rebuff anyone who mistakes their style with bluegrass.^[15]

New Lost City Ramblers

Main article: New Lost City Ramblers

The New Lost City Ramblers is a contemporary old-time string band that formed in New York City in 1958 during the Folk Revival. The founding members of the Ramblers, or NLCR, are Mike Seeger, John Cohen, and Tom Paley. Tom Paley later left the group and was replaced by Tracy Schwarz.

The New Lost City Ramblers not only directly participated in the old-time music revival, but has continued to directly influence countless musicians who have followed. They feature twin fiddles.^[16]

Partial list of notable OT Fiddlers

• Brad Leftwich
• Bruce Molsky
• Bus Boyk
• French Carpenter
• Junior Daugherty
• Ed Haley
• Charlie Higgins
• Stephen ‘Sammy’ Lind
• Bob Holt (fiddler)
• Clark Kessinger
• Red Clay Ramblers
• Eck Robertson
• Posey Rorer
• Fiddlin' Arthur Smith
• Clyde Davenport
• Lester McCumbers
• Harry Johnson
• Al Sanderson

Old time fiddle set up

The fiddle used in playing Old Time fiddle tunes is essentially a violin which may be somewhat modified to accommodate Old Time playing technique. These modifications include:

• flattening the bridge slightly which makes it easier to perform rapid "double" shuffles which alternate between string pairs. This is not done in Irish, Scottish and most other fiddle styles.
• fiddle players in general more commonly use four fine tuners, where violinists may use only one, for the solid-steel E string.^[17]
• Old time fiddlers may dispense with chin rests entirely. Many don't use a shoulder rest, or use a rustic version thereof, such as a kitchen sponge held to the fiddle with a rubber band.

See also

• Western swing fiddle
• Cajun fiddle
• Canadian fiddle
• American fiddle

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Reiner, David; Anick, Peter (2003), Old-Time Fiddling Across America, Mel Bay Publications, p. 182, ISBN 9780786653812 
2. ^ "Website of Art Stamper". Artstamper.com. 2004-10-07. http://www.artstamper.com/. Retrieved 2011-07-27. 
3. ^ ^{a b} Jonathan Friedel for Dwight Diller and Yew Pine Mountain Music, Pocahontas County West Virginia. "Reflections on how bluegrass music is different from old time Appalachian music". Dwight Diller. http://www.dwightdiller.com/bluegrass.html. Retrieved 2011-07-27. 
4. ^ "North Carolina Banjo Traditions J. Roy Stalcup; Special Collections : Hutchins Library - Berea College". Berea.edu. http://www.berea.edu/hutchinslibrary/specialcollections/stalcup.asp. Retrieved 2011-06-30. 
5. ^ "The Origins of the Texas-Style of Traditional Old Time Fiddling". Totfa.org. 1923-01-04. http://www.totfa.org/about/stories/texas_fiddle.htm. Retrieved 2011-07-27. 
6. ^ "Fiddler's Grove Festival". Fiddlersgrove.com. http://www.fiddlersgrove.com/. Retrieved 2011-06-30. 
7. ^ "Official Website – California State Old Time Fiddlers Association – District 6". Csotfa.org. http://www.csotfa.org/. Retrieved 2011-06-30. 
8. ^ "Website of the National Traditional Country Music Association". Orgsites.com. http://www.orgsites.com/ia/oldtimemusic/. Retrieved 2011-07-27. 
9. ^ "Fiddler’s Grove Ole Time Fiddler’s & Bluegrass Festival". Fiddlersgrove.com. http://www.fiddlersgrove.com/. Retrieved 2011-07-27. 
10. ^ "Article: OT Rules Will Prevail". Calendar.unionleader.com. http://calendar.unionleader.com/calendar/events/Cultural/Old_Time_Rules_Will_Prevail_The_Fiddle_Contest_in_New_Hampshire_and_New_England/27214/dt/100247.aspx. Retrieved 2011-07-27. 
11. ^ "National Oldtime Fiddler's Contest & Festival". Fiddlecontest.com. 2011-06-16. http://www.fiddlecontest.com/. Retrieved 2011-07-27. 
12. ^ "The Old-Time Fiddler's Hall of Fame". Oldtimemusic.com. http://www.oldtimemusic.com/fiddlershof.html. Retrieved 2011-07-27. 
13. ^ "Review - SUD DE LA LOUISIANE - FOGHORN TRIO, THE - - Self-released". Whisperinandhollerin.com. 2011-05-02. http://www.whisperinandhollerin.com/reviews/review.asp?id=8061. Retrieved 2011-07-12. 
14. ^ "Bluesbunny Independent Music Reviews - Vinyl, CD and Download Reviews Database - The Foghorn Trio Review". Bluesbunny.com. http://www.bluesbunny.com/tabid/122/xmmid/474/xmid/3124/xmview/2/default.aspx. Retrieved 2011-07-12. 
15. ^ "Ass Kickin' Redneck Stringband Music". Foghorn Stringband. http://foghornstringband.com/. Retrieved 2011-07-12. 
16. ^ "‪New Lost City Ramblers - Always Been A Rambler, Trailer‬‏". YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcU0dhw7tJs. Retrieved 2011-07-27. 
17. ^ Note: However, the term "fiddle" is at times used for instruments which are not violins but a merely bowed string instruments without the characteristic shape of a violin.^{[citation needed]} In some cases the term is used quite loosely in that old time fiddle players often construct these instruments from cigar boxes, whiskey bottle boxes, and similar ad hoc materials.

External links

• Documentary "Why Old Time?"
• Appalachian English
• Meta index of resources
• Nashville_Old_Time_Jukebox
• Tons of fiddle tunes
• Old Time Fiddlers Hall of Fame
• Appalachian Traditional Music: A Short History
• Sheet music, lyrics & midis for 200+ traditional old-time songs
• Voyager Records [1]
• Washington Oldtime Fiddlers Association [2]
• The Henry Reed Collection at the Library of Congress Collection of traditional fiddle tunes performed by Henry Reed of Glen Lyn, Virginia. Recorded by folklorist Alan Jabbour in 1966-67.
• National traditional music association