Nurse Corps (United States Army)

Army Nurse Corps (U.S. Army)
The Army Nurse Corps branch insignia
Active	1901 – present day
Country	United States
Branch	United States Army
Motto	Embrace the past – Engage the present – Envision the future

The United States Army Nurse Corps (NC) was formally established by the U.S. Congress in 1901. It is one of the six medical Special Branches (or "Corps") of officers which – along with medical enlisted soldiers – comprise the Army Medical Department (AMEDD).

The NC is the nursing service for the U.S. Army and provides qualified nursing staff in support of the Department of Defense medical plans. This NC is composed entirely of registered nurses (RNs).

Mission

All actions and tasks must lead and work toward promoting the wellness of Warriors and their families, supporting the delivery of Warrior and family healthcare, and all those entrusted to our care and ultimately, positioning the Army Nurse Corps as a force multiplier for the future of military medicine.

Army Nursing Team Creed

World War II Army Nurse Corps recruiting poster

I am a member of the Army Nursing Team

My patients depend on me and trust me to provide compassionate and proficient care always.
I nurture the most helpless and vulnerable and offer courage and hope to those in despair.
I protect the dignity of every individual put in my charge.

I tend to the physical and psychological wounds of our Warriors and support the health, safety, and welfare of every retired Veteran.
I am an advocate for family members who support and sustain their Soldier during times of War.
It is a privilege to care for each of these individuals and I will always strive to be attentive and respectful of their needs and honor their uniquely divine human spirit.

We are the Army Nursing Team

We honor our professional practice standards and live the Soldier values.
We believe strength and resiliency in difficult times is the cornerstone of Army Nursing.
We embrace the diversity of our team and implicitly understand that we must maintain a unified, authentically positive culture and support each other's physical, social, and environmental well-being.
We have a collective responsibility to mentor and foster the professional growth of our newest Team members so they may mentor those who follow.

We remember those nursing professionals who came before us and honor their legacy, determination, and sacrifice.
We are fundamentally committed to provide exceptional care to past, present, and future generations who bravely defend and protect our Nation.

The Army Nursing Team: Courage to Care, Courage to Connect, Courage to Change

— LTC Leigh McGraw ^[1]

Qualifications

AR 135-100, AR 135-101, AR 601-100, and applicable Army Nurse Corps circulars in the DA Circular 601-FY-X series list qualifications for entry.

The U.S. Army Nurse Corps (AN) consists entirely of commissioned officers. Nurses who wish to serve as an Army Nurse are required to hold an unrestricted Registered Nurse (RN) license prior to receiving a commission. For the Active Army, a Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) degree is required. Reserve Component nurses may commission with a BSN, Associate of Science in Nursing degree (ADN), or a Diploma in Nursing but they must obtain their BSN in order to be eligible for promotion to the rank of Major. The US Army is evaluating this standard and may determine that entry level for Reserve Component officers will be a BSN. At this time the decision has not been made and nurses remain in high demand. The degree conferring school must furthermore be National League for Nursing (NLN) accredited in order for a nurse to be eligible for commissioning.

Leadership

As of 2008, the Chief of the Army Nurse Corps is Major General Patricia Horoho, the 23rd Chief of the Army Nurse Corps.^[2]

Specialties – Army Occupation Code (AOC)

Public Health Nurse – 66B

See also: Public health

Psychiatric-Mental Health Nurse – 66C

See also: U.S. Army Psychiatric/Mental Health Nursing

Peri-Operative Nurse – 66E

See also: Perioperative nursing

Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) – 66F

See also: Nurse anesthetist

Obstetrics-Gynecological Nurse – 66G

See also: Obstetrical nursing

Medical-Surgical Nursing – 66H

See also: Medical-surgical nursing

Generalist Nurse – 66N
This is used to designate positions on organizational documents but is not held by the individual.

Family Nurse Practitioner (FNP) – 66P

See also: Family Nurse Practitioner

Additional Skill Identifiers (ASI)
These designate additional areas of expertise or experience and are in addition to a basic nursing specialty.

7T – Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS)

See also: Clinical nurse specialist

8A – Critical Care Nurse (merging with M5)

See also: Critical care nursing

8D – Nurse Midwife

See also: Nurse Midwife

Only used in conjunction with AOC 66G.

M5 – Emergency Nurse (merging with 8A)

See also: Emergency nursing

M8 – Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner

See also: Psychiatric Nurse Practitioner

Only used in conjunction with AOC 66C.

M9 – Nurse Case Manager

See also: Case management (USA health system)

N1 – Aviation Medicine Nurse Practitioner

Only used in conjunction with AOC 66P.

History

• The Army Nurse Corps became a permanent corps of the Medical Department under the Army Reorganization Act (31 STat. 753) passed by Congress on 2 February 1901.^[3]

Pre-1901

An Army Department circular order established the designation of Nurse

During the American Civil War, the United States Sanitary Commission, a federal civilian agency, handled most of the medical and nursing care of the Union armies, together with necessary acquisition and transportation of medical supplies. Dorothea Dix, serving as the Commission's Superintendent, was able to convince the medical corps of the value of women working in their hospitals. A famous figure was Clara Barton, whose Civil War nursing efforts had earned her the names "Angel of the Battlefield" or the "American Nightingale." In 1882, Barton helped found and served as the first president of the American Chapters of the International Red Cross.

During the 1898 Spanish-American War, the Army hired female civilian nurses to help with the wounded. Dr. Anita Newcomb McGee was put in charge of selecting contract nurses to work as civilians with the U.S. Army. In all, more than 1,500 women nurses worked as contract nurses during that 1898 conflict.

1901–1917

Professionalization was a dominant theme during the Progressive Era, because it valued expertise and hierarchy over ad-hoc volunteering in the name of civic duty. Congress consequently established the Army Nurse Corps in 1901 and the Navy Nurse Corps in 1908. The Red Cross became a quasi-official federal agency in 1905 and took upon itself primary responsibility for recruiting and assigning nurses.

1917 Army Nurse Corps Uniform Coat

World War I

In World War I the military recruited 20,000 registered nurses (all women) for military and navy duty in 58 military hospitals; they helped staff 47 ambulance companies that operated on the Western Front More than 10,000 served overseas, while 5,400 nurses enrolled in the Army's new School of Nursing. The women were kept well back from the front lines, and although none were killed by enemy action, more than 200 had died from disease , especially influenza. Julia Flikke, the assistant superintendent of nurses at a Chicago hospital, enlisted and became chief nurse at an Army hospital in France, then served on a hospital train that rushed casualties from the field hospitals to the long-term care hospitals.

Interwar period

Demobilization reduced the two corps to skeleton units designed to be expanded should a new war take place. Eligibility at this time included being female, white, unmarried, volunteer, and a graduate from a civilian nursing school.

In 1920, Army Nurse Corps personnel received officer-equivalent ranks and wore Army rank insignia on their uniforms. However, they did not receive equivalent pay and were not considered part of the US Army.

Flikke remained in the Army after the war. After 12 years at Walter Reed Army hospital in Washington, D.C., she was promoted to captain and became the Assistant Superintendent of Nurses. She succeeded in creating new billets for occupational therapists and dieticians. Flikke became Superintendent, with the rank of colonel, in 1938.

World War II

WWII Army Nurse veteran of the Battle of the Bulge

At the start of the war in Dec. 1941, there were fewer than 1000 nurses in the Army Nurse Corps^[4] and 700 in the Navy Nurse Corps. All were women.^[5]

Colonel Flikke's small headquarters in 1942, though it contained only 4 officers and 25 civilians, supervised the vast wartime expansion of nurses, in cooperation with the Red Cross. She only took unmarried women age 22–30 who had their RN training from civilian schools. They enlisted for the war plus six months, and were discharged if they married or became pregnant.

On 26 February 1944 Congress passed a bill that granted Army and Navy Nurses actual military rank, approved for the duration of the war plus 6 months.

With over 8 million soldiers and airmen, the needs were more than double those of World War I. Hundreds of new military hospitals were constructed for the expected flow of casualties. Fearing a massive wave of combat casualties once Japan was invaded in late 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt called on Congress early in 1945 for permission to draft nurses. However with the rapid collapse of Germany early in 1945, and the limitation of the war in the Pacific to a few islands, the draft was not needed and was never enacted.

Archbishop James Duhig meating with United States Army nurses ca. 1944 at St Stephen's Cathedral.

By the end of the war, the Army and Army Air Forces (AAF) had 54,000 nurses and the Navy 11,000—all women. Some 217 black nurses served in all-black Army medical units. The AAF was virtually autonomous by 1942, and likewise its Nurse Corps. Much larger numbers of enlisted men served as medics. These men were in effect practical nurses who handled routine care under the direction of nurse officers. Likewise many enlisted Wacs and Wafs (women in the Army and AAF) served in military hospitals. Medical advances greatly increased survival rates for the wounded: 96% of the 670,000 wounded soldiers and sailors who made it to a field hospital staffed by nurses and doctors survived their injuries. Amputations were seldom necessary to combat gangrene. Penicillin and sulfa drugs proved highly successful in this regard. Nurses were deeply involved with post-operative recovery procedures, air evacuation, and new techniques in psychiatry and anesthesia.

Upon Flikke's retirement in 1943, she was succeeded by Florence A. Blanchfield, who successfully promoted new laws in 1947, that established the Army, Navy and Air Force Nurse Corps on a permanent basis, giving the nurses regular commissions on exactly the same terms as male officers. A month before she retired in 1947, Blanchfield became the first women to hold a regular Army commission.

Prisoners of War

Army nurses after three years in captivity

See also: Angels of Bataan

Korea

During the Korean War Army nurses would once again treat the wounded. Nurses would staff MASH units and standard emplaced hospitals in Japan and Korea. Nurses were on the forefront of battlefield medicine during the conflict, playing a major role in the treatment of the wounded U.N. forces within mere minutes or hours of the wounds being inflicted.

Vietnam

During the Vietnam War many Army nurses would see deployment to South East Asia. Army nurses would staff all major Army hospitals in the theatre, including: Cam Ranh Bay, Da Nang, and Saigon. Vietnam would be the first major deployment of men as nurses into the combat theater, as men could be located in more hazardous locations than what was considered safe for females. Many Army nurses faced enemy fire for the first time due to the unconventional nature of the conflict, and several nurses would die from direct enemy fire. On at least one occasion the US Army hospital at Cam Ranh Bay was assaulted and severely damaged, with a loss of both patient and staff life.

Currently

Army Nurses are deployed all over the world, participating in humanitarian missions, and supporting the Global War on Terror.

Modern Nurse Corps

The Nurse Corps continues as a significant part of the Army medical department. Most training is conducted at Fort Sam Houston, Texas.

Insignia and badges

The Nurse Corps has a distinctive insignia, an "N" superimposed on an Army caduceus.

Superintendents and Directors

From its founding in 1908 until after World War II in 1947, the Army Nurse Corps was led by a superintendent. Its nurses had no permanent commissioned rank. The Army-Navy Nurses Act took effect on 16 April 1947, establishing the Army Nurse Corps as a staff corps, with officers holding permanent commissioned rank from second lieutenant to lieutenant colonel. The corps was to be led by a director holding the rank of colonel while in that position.

List of Superintendents of the Army Nurse Corps^[6]

•	Dita H. McKinney		( March 1901	–   July 1909)
•	Jane A. Delano		( August 1909	–   March 1912)
•	Isabel McIsaac		( April 1912	–   September 1914)
•	Dora E. Thompson		( September 1914	–   December 1919)
•	MAJ Julia C. Stimson		( December 1919	–   May 1937)
•	MAJ Julia O. Flikke		( June 1937	–   March 1942)
•	COL Julia O. Flikke		(March 1942	–   June 1943)
•	COL Florence A. Blanchfield		( July 1943	–   September 1947)

List of Chiefs of the Army Nurse Corps^[7][8]

•	COL Mary G. Phillips		( October 1947	–   September 1951)
•	COL Ruby F. Bryant		(October 1951	–   September 1955)
•	COL Inez Haynes		( October 1955	–   August 1959)
•	COL Margaret Harper		( October 1959	–   August 1963)
•	COL Mildred Irene Clark		( September 1963	–   August 1967)
•	COL Anna Mae V. Hays		(September 1967	–   June 1970)
•	BG Anna Mae V. Hays		( June 1970	–   August 1971)
•	BG Lillian Dunlap		( September 1971	–   August 1975)
•	BG Madelyn N. Parks		(September 1975	–   August 1979)
•	BG Hazel W. Johnson		( September 1979	–   August 1982)
•	BG Connie L. Slewitzke		( September 1983	–   August 1987)
•	BG Clara L. Adams-Ender		( September 1987	–   August 1991)
•	BG Nancy R. Adams		(November 1991	–   December 1995)
•	BG Bettye H. Simmons		( December 1995	–   January 2000)
•	BG William T. Bester		(May 2000	–   June 2004)
•	MG Gale S. Pollock		( July 2004	–   July 2008)
•	MG Patricia D. Horoho		( July 2008	–   Present)

NC officers

• First Superintendent of Army Nurses Dorothea Dix
• Cornelia Hancock civilian nurse serving the Union Army during the American Civil War, injured in battle.
• Dr. Mary Edwards Walker served as a civilian nurse during the American Civil War, became the Army's first female surgeon and Medal of Honor winner.
• Susie Taylor first African American Army nurse.
• Clara Maass contract nurse for the Army during the Spanish American War, died participating in an army yellow fever study.
• Anita Newcomb McGee a physician, she became the acting assistant Army surgeon in charge of nursing during the Spanish American War. Helped to write some of the legislation that eventually created the Army Nurse Corps.
• Anna Maxwell instrumental in the establishment of the Army Nurse Corps.
• Adah Belle Thoms instrumental in the establishment of the Army Nurse Corps.
• LT Annie Fox (nurse) first woman to receive the Purple Heart for actions during Pearl Harbor. This award was later converted to a Bronze Star when the criteria for the Purple Heart changed.
• COL Ruby Bradley one of the most decorated female officer (Korea service).
• BG Elizabeth P. Hoisington one of the first female officers to attain the rank of Brigadier General in the US Army (same day as BG Anna Mae Hays).
• LT Diane Carlson Evans Vietnam era nurse, founder of the Vietnam Woman's Memorial Foundation.
• CPT María Inés Ortiz first nurse to die in combat since Vietnam.

See also

Nursing portal

• United States Navy Nurse Corps
• Air Force Nurse Corps
• Mobile Army Surgical Hospital (MASH)
• Combat Support Hospital (CSH)
• Field Hospital
• Army nursing (disambiguation)
• Vietnam Women's Memorial
• Women in Military Service for America Memorial

References

1. ^ "Army Nursing Team Creed". Army Nurse Corps. http://armynursecorps.amedd.army.mil/assets/home/NursingCreed.pdf. Retrieved 23 April2010. 
2. ^ www.army.mil. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
3. ^ Carolyn M. Feller, Debora R. Cox, ed (2000). Highlights in the history of the Army nurse corps. CMH Pub 85-1 (Revised and Expanded Edition ed.). Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 103. 
4. ^ The Army Nurse Corps http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/72-14/72-14.HTM
5. ^ See "Army: She-Soldiers", Time 12 Jan. 1942
6. ^ Carolyn M. Feller, Debora R. Cox, ed (2000). Highlights in the history of the Army nurse corps. CMH Pub 85-1 (Revised and Expanded Edition ed.). Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 103. 
7. ^ Carolyn M. Feller, Debora R. Cox, ed (2000). Highlights in the history of the Army nurse corps. CMH Pub 85-1 (Revised and Expanded Edition ed.). Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History. pp. 103. 
8. ^ "Superintendents and Chiefs of the Army Nurse Corps". US Army Medical Department: Office of Medical History. http://history.amedd.army.mil/ANCWebsite/superintendents/superintendents.html. Retrieved 24 April 2010. 

Further reading

• Campbell, D'Ann. Women at War with American: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era. (Harvard University Press, 1984).
• Campbell, D'Ann . "Servicewomen of World War II," Armed Forces and Society (Win 1990) 16: 251–270.
• Gillett, Mary C. (1981), The Army Medical Department, 1775–1818, Washington, DC: United States Army Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
• Gillett, Mary C. (1987), The Army Medical Department, 1818–1865, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
• Gillett, Mary C. (1995), The Army Medical Department, 1865–1917, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
• Gillett, Mary C. (2009), The Army Medical Department, 1917–1941, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army. (Series: Army Historical Series)
• Center of Military History, The Army Nurse Corps, Washington, DC: Center of Military History, United States Army.
• Monahan, Evelyn and Rosemary Neidel-Greenlee. And If I Perish: Frontline U.S. Army Nurses in World War II. (Knopf, 2003)
• Norman, Elizabeth. We Band of Angels: The Untold Story of American Nurses Trapped on Bataan by the Japanese. (Random House, 1999).
• Sarnecky, Mary T. A History of the U.S. Army Nurse Corps (U of Pennsylvania Press, 1999), the standard scholarly history
• Tomblin, Barbara Brooks. G.I. Nightingales: The Army Nurse Corps in World War II‎ (2004) 272 pages excerpt and text search
• Vuic, Kara D. Officer, Nurse, Woman: The Army Nurse Corps in the Vietnam War (The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009)

Primary sources

• Flikke, Julia. Nurses in action‎ (1943) 239 pages

External links

• U.S. Army Nurse Corps official homepage (on U.S. Army official website).
• Army Nurse Corps History
• The Army Nurse Corps Association
• FM 1 The Army
• American Nurse's Association: Hall of Fame
• Army Nurse Corps Info
• Army Heritage Foundation Center – Army Nurses of World War One: Service Beyond Expectations
• Army Nurse Corps Branch Orientation
• Army Nurse Corps history and WWII women's uniforms in color (WAC, WAVES, ANC, NNC, USMCWR, PHS, SPARS, ARC and WASP)
• WW2 U.S. Medical Research Centre
• US Army Nurse Corps Collection
• Viet-Nam Women's Memorial
• Women's War Memorial
• American Nurses Association
• National League for Nursing
• American Organization of Nurse Executives
• National Student Nurses Association
• Nursing Code of Ethics
• Army Values
• Nursing Associations
• Aboard the U.S.S. Comfort, 1945; personal account of life on the Comfort, including the kamikaze strike, from last known surviving ARMY nurse, 1st Lt. Doris Gardner (Howard).

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Army.