List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates

The Norwegian Nobel Institute, shown above, assists the Norwegian Nobel Committee in the task of selecting the recipient(s) of the Nobel Peace Prize and to organise the annual Nobel event in Oslo.

The Nobel Peace Prize (Norwegian and Swedish: Nobels fredspris) is awarded annually by the Norwegian Nobel Committee "to the person who shall have done the most or the best work for fraternity between nations, for the abolition or reduction of standing armies and for the holding and promotion of peace congresses."^[1] It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the 1895 will of Alfred Nobel (who died in 1896), awarded for outstanding contributions in chemistry, physics, literature, peace, and physiology or medicine.^[2] As dictated by Nobel's will, the award is administered by the Norwegian Nobel Committee and awarded by a committee of five people elected by the Parliament of Norway.^[3] The first Nobel Peace Prize was awarded in 1901 to Frédéric Passy and Henry Dunant. Each recipient receives a medal, a diploma, and a monetary award prize that has varied throughout the years.^[4] In 1901, Passy and Dunant shared a Prize of 150,782 Swedish kronor, which was equal to 7,731,004 kronor in 2008. In 2008, the Prize was awarded to Martti Ahtisaari of Finland, who received the Prize amount of 10,000,000 kronor (slightly more than €1 million, or US$1.4 million).^[5] The Peace Prize is presented annually in Oslo, in the presence of the King of Norway, on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, and is the only Nobel Prize not presented in Stockholm.^[6]

The prize is considered the most controversial of the Nobel Prizes with several of the selections having been criticised.^[7][8] Despite having been nominated five times, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi never won the Prize. Following his assassination in 1948, the committee considered awarding it to him posthumously but decided against it and instead withheld the Prize that year with the explanation that "there was no suitable living candidate."^[9] In 1961, Dag Hammarskjöld, who died after his nomination but several months before the announcement, became the only Laureate to be recognised posthumously; following this, the statutes were changed to make a future posthumous prize nearly impossible.^[10] In 1973, Le Duc Tho declined the Prize, because "he was not in a position to accept the Prize, citing the situation in Vietnam as his reason."^[11] Linus Pauling, the Nobel Peace Prize laureate in 1962, is the only person to have been awarded two unshared Nobel Prizes; he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1954.^[11]

Laureates

As of 2011, the Peace Prize has been awarded to 101 individuals and 20 organizations. Fifteen women have won the Nobel Peace Prize, more than any other Nobel Prize.^[12] Only two recipients have won multiple Prizes: the International Committee of the Red Cross has won three times (1917, 1944, and 1963) and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees has won twice (1954 and 1981).^[11] There have been 19 years since its creation in which the Peace Prize was not awarded, more times than any other Nobel Prize.

Year	Laureate		Country	Rationale
1901		Henry Dunant	Switzerland	For his role in founding the International Committee of the Red Cross[10][13]
		Frédéric Passy	France	"[For] being one of the main founders of the Inter-Parliamentary Union and also the main organizer of the first Universal Peace Congress"[10][13]
1902		Élie Ducommun	Switzerland	"[For his role as] the first honorary secretary of the International Peace Bureau"[10][14]
		Charles Albert Gobat		"[For his role as the] first Secretary General of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[10][14]
1903		William Randal Cremer	United Kingdom	"[For his role as the] the 'first father' of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[10][15]
1904		Institute of International Law	Belgium	"[F]or its efforts as an unofficial body to formulate the general principles of the science of international law"[10][16]
1905		Bertha von Suttner	Austria-Hungary	For authoring Lay Down Your Arms and contributing to the creation of the Prize[10][17]
1906		Theodore Roosevelt	United States	"[F]or his successful mediation to end the Russo-Japanese war and for his interest in arbitration, having provided the Hague arbitration court with its very first case"[10][18]
1907		Ernesto Teodoro Moneta	Italy	"[For his work as a] key leader of the Italian peace movement"[10][19]
		Louis Renault	France	"[For his work as a] leading French international jurist and a member of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague"[10][19]
1908		Klas Pontus Arnoldson	Sweden	"[For his work as] founder of the Swedish Peace and Arbitration League"[10][20]
		Fredrik Bajer	Denmark	"[For being] the foremost peace advocate in Scandinavia, combining work in the Inter-Parliamentary Union with being the first president of the International Peace Bureau"[10][20]
1909		Auguste Beernaert	Belgium	"[For being a] representative to the two Hague conferences, and a leading figure in the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[10][21]
		Paul Henri d'Estournelles de Constant	France	"[For] combined diplomatic work for Franco-German and Franco-British understanding with a distinguished career in international arbitration"[10][21]
1910		Permanent International Peace Bureau	Switzerland	"[For acting] as a link between the peace societies of the various countries"[22][23]
1911		Tobias Asser	Netherlands	"[For being a] member of the Court of Arbitration as well as the initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law"[10][24]
		Alfred Fried	Austria	"[For his work as] founder of the German Peace Society"[10][24]
1912		Elihu Root[A]	United States	"[F]or his strong interest in international arbitration and for his plan for a world court"[10][25]
1913		Henri La Fontaine	Belgium	"[For his work as] head of the International Peace Bureau"[10][26]
1914	Not awarded
1915
1916
1917		International Committee of the Red Cross	Switzerland	"[For undertaking] the tremendous task of trying to protect the rights of the many prisoners of war on all sides [of World War I], including their right to establish contacts with their families"[10][27]
1918	Not awarded
1919		Woodrow Wilson	United States	"[F]or his crucial role in establishing the League"[10][28]
1920		Léon Bourgeois	France	"[For his participation] in both the Hague Conferences of 1899 and 1907" and for his work towards "what became the League to such an extent that he was frequently called its 'spiritual father'"[10][29]
1921		Hjalmar Branting	Sweden	"[F]or his work in the League of Nations"[10][30]
		Christian Lange	Norway	"[For his work as] the first secretary of the Norwegian Nobel Committee" and "the secretary-general of the Inter-Parliamentary Union"[10][30]
1922		Fridtjof Nansen	Norway	"[For] his work in aiding the millions in Russia struggling against famine" and "his work for the refugees in Asia Minor and Thrace"[31][32]
1923	Not awarded
1924
1925		Austen Chamberlain[A]	United Kingdom	For work on the Locarno Treaties[10][33]
		Charles G. Dawes[A]	United States	"[F]or [work on] the Dawes Plan for German reparations which was seen as having provided the economic underpinning of the Locarno Pact of 1925"[10][33]
1926		Aristide Briand	France	For work on the Locarno Treaties[10][34]
		Gustav Stresemann	Germany
1927		Ferdinand Buisson	France	"[For] contributions to Franco-German popular reconciliation"[10][35]
		Ludwig Quidde	Germany
1928	Not awarded
1929		Frank B. Kellogg[A]	United States	"[F]or the Kellogg-Briand pact, whose signatories agreed to settle all conflicts by peaceful means and renounced war as an instrument of national policy"[10][36]
1930		Nathan Söderblom	Sweden	"[F]or his efforts to involve the churches not only in work for ecumenical unity, but also for world peace"[10][37]
1931		Jane Addams	United States	"[F]or her social reform work" and "leading the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[10][38]
		Nicholas Murray Butler		"[For his promotion] of the Briand-Kellogg pact" and for his work as the "leader of the more establishment-oriented part of the American peace movement"[10][38]
1932	Not awarded
1933		Norman Angell[A]	United Kingdom	For authoring The Great Illusion and for being a "supporter of the League of Nations as well as an influential publicist [and] educator for peace in general"[39]
1934		Arthur Henderson	United Kingdom	"[F]or his work for the League, particularly its efforts in disarmament"[10][40]
1935		Carl von Ossietzky[B]	Germany	"[For his] struggle against Germany's rearmament"[10][41]
1936		Carlos Saavedra Lamas	Argentina	"[F]or his mediation of an end to the Chaco War between Paraguay and Bolivia"[10][42]
1937		Robert Cecil	United Kingdom	For his work with the League of Nations[10][43]
1938		Nansen International Office for Refugees	Switzerland	For its work in aiding refugees[44]
1939	Not awarded
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944		International Committee of the Red Cross	Switzerland	"[F]or the great work it has performed during the war in behalf of humanity"[45]
1945		Cordell Hull	United States	"[For] his fight against isolationism at home, his efforts to create a peace bloc of states on the American continents, and his work for the United Nations Organization"[46]
1946		Emily Greene Balch	United States	"Formerly Professor of History and Sociology; Honorary International President, Women's International League for Peace and Freedom"[47]
		John Raleigh Mott		"Chairman, International Missionary Council; President, World Alliance of Young Men's Christian Associations"[47]
1947		Friends Service Council	United Kingdom	"compassion for others and the desire to help them"[48]
		American Friends Service Committee	United States
1948	Not awarded because "there was no suitable living candidate."[9]
1949		The Lord Boyd-Orr	United Kingdom	"Physician; Alimentary Politician; Prominent organizer and Director, General Food and Agricultural Organization; President, National Peace Council and World Union of Peace Organizations"[49]
1950		Ralph Bunche	United States	"Professor, Harvard University Cambridge, MA; Director, division of Trusteeship, U.N.; Acting Mediator in Palestine, 1948"[50]
1951		Léon Jouhaux	France	"President of the International Committee of the European Council, vice president of the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions, vice president of the World Federation of Trade Unions, member of the ILO Council, delegate to the United Nations"[51]
1952		Albert Schweitzer	France	"Missionary surgeon; Founder of Lambaréné (République de Gabon)"[52]
1953		George Catlett Marshall	United States	"General President American Red Cross; Former Secretary of State and of Defense; Delegate U.N.; Originator of [the] "Marshall Plan""[53]
1954		United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	Switzerland	"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[54]
1955	Not awarded
1956
1957		Lester Bowles Pearson	Canada	"former Secretary of State for External Affairs of Canada; former President of the 7th Session of the United Nations General Assembly";[55] "for his role in trying to end the Suez conflict and to solve the Middle East question through the United Nations."[10]
1958		Georges Pire	Belgium	"Father in the Dominican Order; Leader of the relief organization for refugees "L'Europe du Coeur au Service du Monde""[56]
1959		Philip J. Noel-Baker	United Kingdom	"Member of Parliament; lifelong ardent worker for international peace and co-operation"[57]
1960		Albert Lutuli	South Africa	"President of the African National Congress,"[58] "was in the very forefront of the struggle against apartheid in South Africa."[10]
1961		Dag Hammarskjöld[C]	Sweden	"Secretary General of the U.N.,"[59] awarded "for strengthening the organization."[10]
1962		Linus Carl Pauling	United States	"for his campaign against nuclear weapons testing"[60]
1963		International Committee of the Red Cross	Switzerland	[61]
		League of Red Cross Societies
1964		Martin Luther King, Jr.	United States	Campaigner for civil rights, "first person in the Western world to have shown us that a struggle can be waged without violence."[62]
1965		United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF)	United Nations	"An international aid organization." [63]
1966	Not awarded
1967
1968		René Cassin	France	"President of the European Court for Human Rights"[64]
1969		International Labour Organization	United Nations	[65]
1970		Norman E. Borlaug	United States	"International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center;"[66] "for his contributions to the "green revolution" that was having such an impact on food production particularly in Asia and in Latin America."[10]
1971		Willy Brandt	West Germany	"Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany; for West Germany's Ostpolitik"[67]
1972	Not awarded
1973		Henry Kissinger	United States	"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about a cease-fire in the Vietnam war and a withdrawal of the American forces"[68][10]
		Le Duc Tho[D]	North Vietnam
1974		Seán MacBride	Ireland	"President of the International Peace Bureau; President of the Commission of Namibia."[69] "For his strong interest in human rights: piloting the European Convention on Human Rights through the Council of Europe, helping found and then lead Amnesty International and serving as secretary-general of the International Commission of Jurists"[10]
		Eisaku Satō	Japan	"Prime Minister of Japan,"[69] "for his renunciation of the nuclear option for Japan and his efforts to further regional reconciliation"[10]
1975		Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov[E]	Soviet Union	"[for his] struggle for human rights, for disarmament, and for cooperation between all nations"[70]
1976		Betty Williams	United Kingdom	"Founder[s] of the Northern Ireland Peace Movement (later renamed Community of Peace People)"[71]
		Mairead Corrigan
1977		Amnesty International	United Kingdom	"[for] protecting the human rights of prisoners of conscience"[72][10]
1978		Mohamed Anwar Al-Sadat	Egypt	"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[73]
		Menachem Begin	Israel
1979		Mother Teresa	India	"Founder of Missionaries of Charity"[74]
1980		Adolfo Pérez Esquivel	Argentina	"Human rights leader;"[75] "founded non-violent human rights organizations to fight the military junta that was ruling his country (Argentina)."[10]
1981		United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees	United Nations	"An international relief organization founded by the U.N. in 1951"[76]
1982		Alva Myrdal	Sweden	"[for] their magnificent work in the disarmament negotiations of the United Nations, where they have both played crucial roles and won international recognition"[77][78]
		Alfonso García Robles	Mexico
1983		Lech Walesa	Poland	"Founder of Solidarność; campaigner for human rights"[79]
1984		Desmond Tutu	South Africa	"Bishop of Johannesburg; former Secretary General, South African Council of Churches"[80]
1985		International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War	United States	For "authoritative information and by creating an awareness of the catastrophic consequences of atomic warfare. The committee believes that this in turn contributes to an increase in the pressure of public opposition to the proliferation of atomic weapons and to a redefining of priorities, with greater attention being paid to health and other humanitarian issues."[81]
1986		Elie Wiesel	United States	"Chairman of "The President's Commission on the Holocaust""[82]
1987		Óscar Arias	Costa Rica	"for his work for peace in Central America, efforts which led to the accord signed in Guatemala on August 7 this year"[83]
1988		United Nations Peace-Keeping Forces	United Nations	"[for] their efforts [that] have made important contributions towards the realization of one of the fundamental tenets of the United Nations"[84][85]
1989		Tenzin Gyatso, 14th Dalai Lama	Tibet	"In his struggle for the liberation of Tibet [he] consistently has opposed the use of violence. He has instead advocated peaceful solutions based upon tolerance and mutual respect in order to preserve the historical and cultural heritage of his people."[86][87]
1990		Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev	Soviet Union	President of the Soviet Union, "for his leading role in the peace process which today characterizes important parts of the international community"[88]
1991		Aung San Suu Kyi[F]	Burma	"for her non-violent struggle for democracy and human rights"[89]
1992		Rigoberta Menchú	Guatemala	"[for] her work for social justice and ethno-cultural reconciliation based on respect for the rights of indigenous peoples"[90]
1993		Nelson Mandela	South Africa	"for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa"[91]
		Frederik Willem de Klerk
1994		Yasser Arafat	Palestine	"to honour a political act which called for great courage on both sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[92]
		Yitzhak Rabin	Israel
		Shimon Peres
1995		Joseph Rotblat	United Kingdom	"for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such arms"[93]
		Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs	Canada
1996		Carlos Filipe Ximenes Belo	East Timor	"for their work towards a just and peaceful solution to the conflict in East Timor."[94]
		José Ramos-Horta
1997		International Campaign to Ban Landmines	Switzerland	"for their work for the banning and clearing of anti-personnel mines"[95]
		Jody Williams	United States
1998		John Hume	United Kingdom	"for their efforts to find a peaceful solution to the conflict in Northern Ireland"[96]
		David Trimble	United Kingdom
1999		Médecins Sans Frontières	Switzerland	"in recognition of the organization's pioneering humanitarian work on several continents"[97]
2000		Kim Dae Jung	South Korea	"for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular"[98]
2001		United Nations	United Nations	"for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world"[99]
		Kofi Annan	Ghana
2002		Jimmy Carter	United States	"for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"[100]
2003		Shirin Ebadi	Iran	"for her efforts for democracy and human rights. She has focused especially on the struggle for the rights of women and children."[101]
2004		Wangari Muta Maathai	Kenya	"for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace"[102]
2005		International Atomic Energy Agency	United Nations	"for their efforts to prevent nuclear energy from being used for military purposes and to ensure that nuclear energy for peaceful purposes is used in the safest possible way"[103]
		Mohamed ElBaradei	Egypt
2006		Muhammad Yunus	Bangladesh	"for advancing economic and social opportunities for the poor, especially women, through their pioneering microcredit work"[104]
		Grameen Bank
2007		Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change	United Nations	"for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"[105]
		Al Gore	United States
2008		Martti Ahtisaari	Finland	"for his efforts on several continents and over more than three decades, to resolve international conflicts"[106]
2009		Barack Obama	United States	"for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples."[107]
2010		Liu Xiaobo[G]	China	"for his long and non-violent struggle for fundamental human rights in China"[108]
2011		Ellen Johnson Sirleaf	Liberia	"For their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work"[109]
		Leymah Gbowee
		Tawakel Karman	Yemen

See also

• List of Nobel laureates

Notes

^A Elihu Root, Austen Chamberlain, Charles G. Dawes, Frank B. Kellogg, and Norman Angell were all awarded their respective Prizes one year late because the Committee decided that none of the nominations in the year in which they are listed as being awarded the Prize met the criteria in Nobel's will; per its rules the Committee delayed the awarding of the Prizes until the next year, although they were awarded as the previous year's Prize.^{[25][33][36][39]}

^B Carl von Ossietzky's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of Germany.^[110]

^C Dag Hammarskjöld's Prize was awarded posthumously.

^D Le Duc Tho declined to accept the Prize.^[68]

^E Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was refused a passport by the government of the Soviet Union.^[111]

^F Aung San Suu Kyi's Prize was awarded in absentia because she was being held prisoner by the government of Burma.^[112]

^G Liu Xiaobo's Prize was awarded in absentia because he was imprisoned.^[113]

References

General

• "All Nobel Peace Prize Laureates". Nobel Foundation. http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/. Retrieved 2008-11-29. 
• "Nobel Prize winners by category (peace)". Encyclopædia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com/nobelprize/browse?browseId=255938. Retrieved 2008-11-29. 
• Rogers, Simon (8 October 2010). "Nobel peace prize winners list 2010: how does Liu Xiaobo compare to previous medal holders?". The Guardian. http://www.guardian.co.uk/news/datablog/2010/oct/08/nobel-peace-prize-winners-list-liu-xiaobo. 

Specific

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External links

• Official website of the Norwegian Nobel Committee