Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd

Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd
Court	High Court
Citation(s)	[2003] EWHC 2602 (Comm)
Keywords
Privity, CRTPA 1999

Nisshin Shipping Co Ltd v Cleaves & Co Ltd [2003] EWHC 2602 is an English contract law case concerning the Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999.

Facts

Cleaves & Co Ltd were chartering brokers. They negotiated charterparties (Lat. charta partita) for Nisshin, the shipowners. In each charterparty Nisshin agreed with the charterers of ships that they pay Cleaves & Co Ltd commission. However it did not expressly say that Cleaves & Co had a right to enforce the commission payments. There were arbitration clauses in each, so parties agreed to refer all disputes to arbitration. Could Cleaves & Co Ltd claim the commissions must be paid by Nisshin?

Judgment

Colman J held Cleaves had a third party right to enforce Nisshin’s promise to pay the commission and it was entitled and bound to enforce it by arbitration. s 1(2) puts the onus on the party wanting to avoid the third party benefit. Unless they rebut, s 1(1)(b) applies. The existence of an alternative cause of action (trust of promise) did not exclude the Act. Section 1(1)(b) is disapplied if on proper construction it appears parties did not intend any third party enforcement.

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36. Section 8 of the Act has an unusual legislative history. Although the text of the bill originally recommended by the Law Commission included section 1(4) and so reflected the principle of conditional benefit, there was no provision dealing expressly with arbitration. The Report excluded its application to arbitration agreements. When the bill was first introduced before the House of Lords it contained no specific provision as to arbitration. The background to the addition of section 8 is described by Professor Burrows in his most helpful article on the Act at Law Maritime and Commercial Law Quarterly [2000] P540. Eventually, section 8 was introduced by way of Government amendment at the Report stage in the House of Commons. The Lord Chancellor's Department issued Explanatory Notes which were made available to members of Parliament and peers before the debates. In respect of Section 8 those Notes contained the following advice: "33. Section 8 ensures that, where appropriate, the provisions of the Arbitration Act 1996 apply in relation to third party rights under this Act. Without this section, the main provisions of the Arbitration Act 1996 would not apply because a third party is not a party to the arbitration agreement between the promisor and the promisee. 34. Subsection (1) deals with what is likely to be the most common situation. The third party's substantive right (for example, to payment by the promisor) is conferred subject to disputes being referred to arbitration (see section 1(4)). This section is based on a "conditional benefit" approach. It ensures that a third party who wishes to take action to enforce his substantive right is not only able to enforce effectively his right to arbitrate, but is also "bound" to enforce his right by arbitration (so that, for example, a stay of proceedings can be ordered against him under section 9 of the Arbitration Act 1996). This approach is analogous to that applied to assignees who may be prevented from unconscionably taking a substantive benefit free of its procedural burden (see, for example, DVA v. Voest Alpine, The Jaybola [1997] 2 Lloyd's Rep 279). "Disputes … relating to the enforcement of the substantive term by the third party" is intended to have a wide ambit and to include disputes between the third party (who wishes to enforce the term) and the promisor as to the validity, interpretation, existence or performance of the term; the third party's entitlement to enforce the term; the jurisdiction of the arbitral tribunal; or the recognition and enforcement of an arbitration award. But to avoid imposing a "pure" burden on the third party, it does not cover, for example, a separate dispute in relation to a tort claim by the promisor against the third party for damages. 35. Subsection (2) is likely to be of rarer application. It deals with situations where the third party is given a right to arbitrate under section 1 but the "conditional benefit" approach underpinning subsection (1) is inapplicable. For example, where the contracting parties give the third party a unilateral right to arbitrate or a right to arbitrate a dispute other than one concerning a right conferred on the third party under section (1). To avoid imposing a pure burden on the third party (in a situation where, for example, the contracting parties give the third party a right to arbitrate a tort claim made by the promisor against the third party) the subsection requires the third party to have chosen to exercise the right. The timing point at the end of the subsection is designed to ensure that a third party who chooses to exercise his right to go to arbitration by, for example, applying for a stay of proceedings under section 9 of the Arbitration Act 1996, can do so. Under section 9 of the Arbitration Act 1996, the right to apply for a stay of proceedings can only be exercised by someone who is already a party to the arbitration agreement." 37. Although these Notes clearly do not have the force of law, they occupy a position in relation to the Act similar to that of the statement by a minister introducing a bill. The courts are entitled to construe the wording of the Act on the assumption that, if the precise meaning of the words used is in doubt, when Parliament enacted those words it did so with some regard to the ministerial explanation.

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See also

• English contract law

Notes

References

External links