Boron neutron capture therapy

Boron neutron capture therapy
Intervention
A schematic of therapy facility in Otaniemi, Finland.
ICD-10-PCS	D?0?6ZZ
MeSH	D016754

Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is an experimental form of radiotherapy that uses a neutron beam that interacts with boron injected into a patient. BNCT depends on the interaction of slow neutrons with boron-10 to produce alpha particles and lithium nuclei, without producing other types of ionizing radiation.

Patients are first given an intravenous injection of a boron-10 containing chemical that preferentially binds to tumor cells. In clinical trials performed so far the neutrons are created in a nuclear reactor, but particle accelerators may also be used to collide protons into targets made of lithium or beryllium.

The neutrons pass through a neutron moderator, which shapes the neutron energy spectrum suitable for BNCT treatment. Before entering the patient the neutron beam is shaped by a beam collimator. While passing through the tissue of the patient, the neutrons are slowed by collisions and become low energy thermal neutrons. The thermal neutrons undergo reaction with the boron-10 nuclei, forming a compound nucleus (excited boron-11) which then promptly disintegrates to lithium-7 and an alpha particle. Both the alpha particle and the lithium ion produce closely spaced ionizations in the immediate vicinity of the reaction, with a range of approximately 5-9 micrometres, or roughly the thickness of one cell diameter. This technique is advantageous since the radiation damage occurs over a short range and thus normal tissues can be spared.

BNCT has been experimentally tested primarily as an alternative treatment for malignant brain tumors called glioblastoma multiforme as well as recurrent, locally advanced head and neck cancer. Although there are reports of some successful outcomes, this approach has not yet been shown to be superior to other current therapies. Hence, BNCT has not entered routine clinical use.

Recent applications

On 19 December 2001, BNCT has been successfully used for the first time in Pavia (Italy) on a 42 years old man to treat liver cancer. His liver has been explanted, has been subjected to the treatment, and has been reimplanted.^[1]

The first clinical trial of BNCT in Argentina were performed on 9 October 2003.^[2] BNCT has been used in Japan for head and neck cancers in 2009.^[3] Taiwan BNCT group also started treating head and neck cancers at the Tsing Hua Open-pool Reactor (THOR) of National Tsing Hua University on 11 August 2010.^[4][5]

Early history of neutron capture therapy

After the initial discovery of the neutron in 1932 by Sir James Chadwick, a study by H. J. Taylor in 1935 showed the ability of the boron-10 nuclei to capture thermal neutrons. The neutron capture initiated the fission of the boron-10 nuclei into helium-4 alpha particles as well as lithium-7 particles. In 1936, Locher realised the potential of this discovery in the field of medicine and subsequently suggested that neutron capture could be used to treat tumours. A binary system uses two separate components for the therapy of cancer. Each component in itself is relatively harmless to the cells, but when combined together for treatment they produce a highly cytocidal effect which is lethal. As development on neutron capture therapy continued, other radioactive isotopes such as uranium-235 were researched. However, studies in the late 1950s by Lussenhop et al. showed that the amounts of uranium needed for successful neutron capture therapy was too toxic for human use.^[6]

Pharmaceuticals

A number of boronated pharmaceuticals using boron-10, have been prepared for potential use in BNCT.^[7]

See also

• Fast neutron therapy
• Neutron Capture Therapy of Cancer

External links

• Helsinki University Central Hospital and Technical Research Centre of Finland BNCT Project
• Boron and Gadolinium Neutron Capture Therapy for Cancer Treatment
• MIT Nuclear Reactor Lab overview of BNCT
• Washington State University Nuclear Radiation Center BNCT Overview

References

1. ^ [1], (this article is written in italian language)
2. ^ /http://www.cnea.gov.ar/xxi/bnct/eng/e-proyecto-cnea.asp
3. ^ /http://www.redjournal.org/article/S0360-3016(07)00555-X/abstract/
4. ^ http://bnct.web.nthu.edu.tw
5. ^ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0969804311001515
6. ^ A.J. Lussenhop et al., Am. J. Roentgenol. 79, 83-100, 1958
7. ^ http://www.pharmainfo.net/reviews/boron-neutron-capture-therapy-overview Overview of neutron capture therapy pharmaceuticals.