Adjusted gross income

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Main article: Income tax in the United States

For United States individual income tax, taxable income is adjusted gross income (AGI) less allowances for personal exemptions and itemized deductions. Adjusted gross income is total gross income minus specific items laid out in the tax code.^[1] For most individual tax purposes, AGI is more relevant than gross income.

Gross income is sales price of goods or property, less cost of the property sold, plus other income. It includes wages, interest, dividends, business income, rental income, and all other types of income. Adjusted gross income is gross income less deductions from a business or rental activity and 21 other specific items.

Several deductions (e.g. medical expenses and miscellaneous itemized deductions) are limited based on a percentage of AGI. Certain phase outs, including those of lower tax rates and itemized deductions, are based on levels of AGI. Many states base state income tax on AGI with certain deductions.

Gross income

Main article: Gross income

Gross income includes "all income from whatever source," and is not limited to cash received. It specifically includes wages, salary, bonuses, interest, dividends, rents, royalties, income from operating a business, alimony, pensions and annuities, share of income from partnerships and S corporations, and income tax refunds.^[2] Gross income includes net gains for disposal of assets, including capital gains and capital losses. Losses on personal assets are not deducted in computing gross income or adjusted gross income.

Adjustments

Gross income is reduced by certain items to arrive at adjusted gross income.^[3] These include:

• Expenses of carrying on a trade or business including most rental activities (other than as an employee)

• Certain business expenses of teachers, reservists, performing artists, and fee-basis government officials,

• Health savings account deductions,

• Certain moving expenses,

• One-half of self-employment tax,

• Allowable contributions to certain retirement arrangements (SEP IRA, SIMPLE IRA, and qualified plans) and Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs),

• Penalties imposed by financial institutions and others on early withdrawal of savings,

• Alimony paid (which the recipient must include in gross income),

• College tuition, fees, and student loan interest (with limitations and exceptions),

• Jury duty pay remitted to the juror's employer,

• Domestic production activities deduction, and

• Certain other items of limited applicability.

Reporting on Form 1040

Gross income is reported on U.S. Federal individual income tax returns (Form 1040 series) is reported by type of income. Supporting schedules and forms are required in some cases (e.g., Schedule B for interest and dividends). Income of business and rental activities, including those through partnerships or S corporations, is reported net of the expenses of the business. See Schedule C for business, Schedule E for rentals, and Schedule F for farms.

Modified AGI

Certain tax calculations are based on modified versions of AGI. The definition varies according to the purpose for which it is used. These modified versions may add certain items to AGI that were excluded in computing gross income. Common additions include tax exempt interest and the excluded portion of Social Security benefits.

References

1. ^ 26 USC 62.
2. ^ 26 USC 61.
3. ^ [1] 26 USC 62.

Further reading

IRS Materials

• Publication 17 Your Federal Income Tax
• Form 1040 series of forms and instructions