Minor loop feedback

Minor loop feedback is a classical method used to design stable robust linear Feedback control systems using feedback loops around sub-systems within the over all feedback loop.^[1] The method is sometimes called minor loop synthesis in college text books,^[2][3] some government documents^[4] and course descriptions of electrical engineering classes.^[5]

The method is suitable for design by graphical methods and was used before digital computers became available. In World War 2 this method was used to design Gun laying control systems.^[6] It is still used now, but not always referred to by name. It is often discussed within the context of Bode plot methods.

Notability

"minor loop feedback" returns 12,200 hits from google. Among them are

• ieee documents,^[7][8][9]
• nasa documents^[10]
• university documents.^[11][12]

Example

Telescope position servo

Angular position servo and signal flow graph. θ_C = desired angle command, θ_L = actual load angle, K_P = position loop gain, V_ωC = velocity command, V_ωM = motor velocity sense voltage, K_V = velocity loop gain, V_IC = current command, V_IM = current sense voltage, K_C = current loop gain, V_A = power amplifier output voltage, L_M = motor inductance, I_M = motor current, R_M = motor resistance, R_S = current sense resistance, K_M = motor torque constant (Nm/amp), T = torque, M = momentum of inertia of all rotating components α = angular acceleration, ω = angular velocity, β = mechanical damping, G_M = motor back EMF constant, G_T = tachometer conversion gain constant,. There is one forward path (shown in a different color) and six feedback loops. The drive shaft assumed to be stiff enough to not treat as a spring. Constants are shown in black and variables in purple. Intentional feedback is shown with dotted lines.

This example is slightly simplifed (no gears between the motor and the load) from the control system for the Harlan J. Smith Telescope at the McDonald Observatory. In the figure there are three feedback loops: current control loop, velocity control loop and position control loop. The last is the main loop. The other two are minor loops. The forward path, considering only the forward path without the minor loop feedback, has three unavoidable phase shifting stages. The motor inductance and winding resistance form a lowpass filter with a bandwidth around 200 Hz. Acceleration to velocity is an integrator and velocity to position is an integrator. This would have a total phase shift of 180 to 270 degrees. Simply connecting position feedback would almost always result in unstable behaviour.

Current control loop

The innermost loop regulates the current in the torque motor. This type of motor creates torque that is nearly proportional rotor current, even if it is forced to turn backward. Because of the action of the commutater, there are instances when two rotor windings are simultaneously energized. If the motor was driven by a voltage controlled voltage source, the current would roughly double, as would the torque. By sensing the current with a small sensing resister (R_S) and feeding that voltage back to the inverting input of the drive amplifier, the amplifier becomes a voltage controlled current source. With constant current, when two windings are energized, they share the current and the variation of torque is on the order of 10%.

Velocity control loop

The next innermost loop regulates motor speed. The voltage signal from the Tachometer(actually a small permanent magnet DC generator) is proportional to the angular velocity of the motor. This signal is fed back to the inverting input of the velocity control amplifier (K_V). The velocity control system makes the system 'stiffer' when presented with torque variations such as wind, movement about the second axis and torque ripple from the motor.

Position control loop

The outermost loop, the main loop, regulates load position. In this example, position feedback of the actual load position is presented by a Rotary encoder that produces a binary output code. The actual position is compared to the desired position by a digital subtracter that drives a DAC (Digital-to-analog converter) that drives the position control amplifier (K_P).

Synthesis

The usual design procedure is to design the innermost subsystem (the current control loop in the telescope example) using local feedback to linearize and flatten the gain. Stability is generally assured by Bode plot methods. Usually, the bandwidth is made as wide as possible. Then the next loop (the velocity loop in the telescope example) is designed. The bandwidth of this sub-system is set to be a factor of 3 to 5 less than the bandwidth of the enclosed system. This process continues with each loop having less bandwidth than the bandwidth of the enclosed system. As long as the bandwidth of each loop is less than the bandwidth of the enclosed sub-system by a factor of 3 to 5, the phase shift of the enclosed system can be neglected, i.e. the sub-system can be treated as pure flat gain. Since the bandwidth of each sub-system is less than the bandwidth of the system it encloses, it is desirable to make the bandwidth of each sub-system as large as possible so that there is enough bandwidth in the outermost loop. The system is often expressed as a Signal-flow graph and its overall transfer function can be computed from Mason's Gain Formula.

Notes

1. ^ Kou (1991, pp. 521–525)
2. ^ Kou (1991, pp. 521–525)
3. ^ Brown (1948, p. 270)
4. ^ Lieninger, Gary, Application of the MNA Design Method to a Non-Linear Turbofan Engine, http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810006486_1981006486.pdf, retrieved 18 Mar 2011 
5. ^ IITM, Academic Curriculum, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/application/enterprise/entconfirmation.jsp?arnumber=00250538, retrieved 18 Mar 2011 
6. ^ Bennett, Stuart, A brief History of Automatic Control, http://userspages.uob.edu.bh/ebrgallaf/00506394.pdf, retrieved 18 Mar 2011 
7. ^ Imaizumi; Ohmae, Reliable control using equivalent transfer function for control system with multiple minor-loop, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=01280050, retrieved 18 Mar 2011 
8. ^ Lundberg, Internal and external op-amp compensation: a control-centric tutorial, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1384678, retrieved 18 Mar 2011 
9. ^ Sheng-Guo; Owens, Control parameterization and robustness of feedback systems: an asymptotic analysis, http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/application/enterprise/entconfirmation.jsp?arnumber=00250538, retrieved 18 Mar 2011 
10. ^ Leininger, Gary, Application of the MNA Design Method to a Non-linear Turbofan Engine, http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810006486_1981006486.pdf, retrieved 23 May 2011 
11. ^ Bennett, Stuart, A brief History of Automatic Control, http://userspages.uob.edu.bh/ebrgallaf/00506394.pdf, retrieved 18 Mar 2011 
12. ^ , http://www.iitm.ac.in/downloads/academic/Curriculum/MTechEE2009.pdf, retrieved 18 Mar 2011 

References

• Brown, Gordon S.; Campbell, Donald P. (1948), Principles of Servomechanisms, John Wiley & Sons 

• Kuo, Benjamin C. (1991), Automatic Control Systems, Prentice-Hall, ISBN 0130510467 

External links

• http://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19810006486_1981006486.pdf

The link above is a searchable pdf. Search for "minor loop synthesis" which is on page 26.

• http://www.iitm.ac.in/downloads/academic/Curriculum/MTechEE2009.pdf

The link above is a searchable pdf. Search for "minor loop synthesis" which is in the sylibus of EE5650

• http://userspages.uob.edu.bh/ebrgallaf/00506394.pdf a brief history of automatic control

the link above appears to be scanned. see page 20, right hand column, last paragragh.

• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/application/enterprise/entconfirmation.jsp?arnumber=00250538
• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=1384678
• http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?arnumber=01280050
• http://www.me.berkeley.edu/~horowitz/Publications_files/All_papers_numbered/45j_Li_Mechatronics_Electrostatic_IEEE_TOM01.pdf
• http://www-mtl.mit.edu/~jldawson/documents/6.302rec18.pdf good