- Chancellor of China
The Chancellor (zh-t|t=丞相 or 宰相), variously translated as Prime Minister, Premier or Chief Councillor, was a generic name given to the highest-ranking official in the imperial government in ancient
China . The Chancellor can also refer to a specific post in the imperial government, which was first officially instituted inQin Dynasty (221 BC-206 BC) as the "head of all civil service officials". [Li (2007), 74-75.] It should be noted, however, that the term was known by many different names throughout Chinese history, and the exact extent of the powers associated with the position fluctuated greatly even during a particular dynasty.History
In the
Spring and Autumn Period ,Guan Zhong was the first Chancellor in China, [zh [http://www.sd.xinhuanet.com/news/2004-09/19/content_2896197.htm Guan Zhong Memorial Opened in Linzi] ,Xinhuanet September 19, 2004.] who became chancellor underthe state of Qi in685 BC . In Qin during theWarring States Period , the Chancellor was officially established as "the head of all civil service officials". There were sometimes two Chancellors, differentiated as being "of the left" (senior) and "of the right" (junior). After emperorQin Shi Huang ended the Warring States Period by establishing theQin Dynasty (221-206 BC), the Chancellor, together with theImperial Secretary , and theGrand Commandant , were the most important officials in the imperial government, generally referred as theThree Lords . [Li (2007), 75.]In 1 BC during the emperor Ai, the title was changed to "da si tu" (大司徒). [Wang (1949), 144.] In the
Eastern Han Dynasty , the Chancellor post was replaced by theThree Excellencies :Grand Commandant (太尉),Minister over the Masses andMinister of Works (司空). [zh [http://vip.book.sina.com.cn/book/book_read.php?book=41766&chapter=26615 Chancellor of China] ,Sina.com . ] In190 ,Dong Zhuo claimed the title "Chancellor of State" (相國) under the powerlessEmperor Xian of Han , [ "Book of the Later Han " Vol.72; "Records of Three Kingdoms " Vol. 6.] placing himself above the Three Excellencies. After Dong Zhuo's death in192 , the post was vacant untilCao Cao restored the position as "Imperial Chancellor" (丞相) and abolished the Three Excellencies in208 . ["Records of Three Kingdoms " Vol. 1.] From then untilMarch 15 ,220 , the power of Chancellor was greater than that of the emperor. Later this often happened when a dynasty became weak, usually some decades before the fall of a dynasty.During the
Sui Dynasty , the executive officials of the three highest departments of the empire were called "Chancellors" (真宰相) together. [zh [http://cathay.ce.cn/history/200707/19/t20070719_12222263_2.shtml The History of the Chancellor System in China] .] In theTang Dynasty , the government was divided into three departments: the Department of State Affairs (尚書省), the Chancellery (門下省) and the Secretariat(中書省) and the head of each department was generally referred to as the "Chancellor". [zh [http://db2.library.ntpu.edu.tw/cpedia/Content.asp?ID=52631 Tong Zhongshu Menxia Pingzhangshi] , "Encyclopedia of China ".]In the
Song Dynasty , the post of Chancellor was also known as the "Tongpingzhangshi" (同平章事), [zh [http://www.zf158.com/friend/article_preview.php?know_id=372&know_type=44< Chancellor in the Song Dynasty] .] in accordance with late-Tang terminology, while the vice-chancellor was known as the "Jijunsi". Some years later, the post of Chancellor was changed to "Prime Minister " (首相 "shou xiang") and the post of vice-Chancellor was changed to "Second Minister" (次相 "ci xiang"). [zh [http://www.historyteaching.net/lsxx/show.asp?id=411 The Change of Central Administration in Tang and Song Dynasties] .] In the lateSouthern Song Dynasty , the system changed back to the Tang naming conventions.During the Mongol-founded
Yuan Dynasty , the Chancellor was not the head of the Secretariat, but theCrown Prince (皇太子) was. After the establishment of theMing Dynasty , the post became the head of the Secretariat again. The post was abandoned after the execution of the Chancellor of China,Hu Weiyong , who was accused of treason (though his conviction is still strongly disputed in present times because of a lack of evidence to prove his guilt). [zh [http://lianzai.book.qq.com/book/4206/0020.htm The History of Chancellor of China] ,QQ.com . ] Still, appointments of the people who held the highest post in the government were called "Appointment of Prime Minister" (拜相) until1644 .List of Chancellors of
China List of Chancellors of Qin Dynasty since
251 BC List of other famous Chancellors and Prime Ministers
*
Guan Zhong (died in645 BC )
*Xiao He (206 BC -193 BC in office)
*Dong Zhuo (189 -192 in office)
*Cao Cao (July 9 ,208 -March 15 ,220 in office)
*Zhuge Liang (221 -234 ofShu Han )
*Lu Xun (244 -245 ofEastern Wu )
*Di Renjie (691 -693 ,697 -700 in office)
*Zhang Jiuling (733 -736 in office)
*Yang Guozhong (752 -756 in office)
*Wang Wei (758 -759 in office)
*Fan Zhongyan (1040 -1045 in office)
*Wang Anshi (1070 -1075 ,1076 -1085 in office)
*Sima Guang (1085 -1086 in office)
*Zhang Dun (1094 -1100 in office)
*Wen Tianxiang (1236 -1283 )
*Yan Song (1481 -1568 )
*Zhang Juzheng (1525 -1582 )Premiers after 1644/1911
ee also
*
List of Chinese people
*Chancellor of Tang Dynasty
*List of famous Premiers of China
*Imperial examination
*Chinese Law Notes
References
*cite book |last= Li |first= Konghuai |title= History of Administrative Systems in Ancient China|publisher= Joint Publishing (H.K.) Co., Ltd. |year= 2007|language=Chinese |isbn= 978-962-04-2654-4
*
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