- 2009 in paleontology
-
List of years in paleontology (table) … 1999 . 2000 . 2001 . 2002 . 2003 . 2004 . 2005 …
2006 2007 2008 -2009- 2010 2011 2012
… 2013 . 2014 . 2015 . 2016 . 2017 . 2018 . 2019 …
In science: 2006 2007 2008 -2009- 2010 2011 2012Related time period or subjects … 2006 . 2007 . 2008 - 2009 - 2010 . 2011 . 2012 …
… 1970s . 1980s . 1990s -2000s- 2010s . 2020s . 2030sArt . Archaeology . Architecture . Literature . Music . Science +... Paleontology, palaeontology or palæontology (from Greek: paleo, "ancient"; ontos, "being"; and logos, "knowledge") is the study of prehistoric life forms on Earth through the examination of plant and animal fossils.[1] This includes the study of body fossils, tracks (ichnites), burrows, cast-off parts, fossilised faeces (coprolites), palynomorphs and chemical residues. Because mankind has encountered fossils for millennia, paleontology has a long history both before and after becoming formalized as a science. This article records significant discoveries and events related to paleontology that occurred in the year 2009.
Contents
Arthropods
Anomalocaridids
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Schinderhannes[2]
gen et sp nov
Valid
Kühl, Briggs, & Rust
Lower Devonian
Hunsrück Slate
Arachnids
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images gen et sp nov
Valid
Selden & Penney
Ypresian
Horsefly Lagerstätte, British Columbia
Insects
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Agulla mineralensis[4]
sp nov
Valid
Late Barstovian
Stewart Valley Group
only described Neogene snakefly fossil
Allorapisma[5]
gen et sp nov
Valid
Makarkin & Archibald
Ypresian
Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation
Apis (Cascapis) nearctica[6] sp nov
Valid
Engel, Hinojosa-Diaz, & Rasnitsyn
Middle Miocene
The first fossil honey bee from the New World.
Aspidopleura[7] gen et sp nov
Valid
Gibson
Eocene
Baltic amber
Brevivulva[7]
gen et sp nov
Valid
Gibson
Eocene
Baltic amber
sp nov
Valid
Archibald
Ypresian
Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation
sp nov
Valid
Archibald
Ypresian
Kamloops Group, McAbee, British Columbia
sp nov
Valid
Archibald
Ypresian
Kamloops Group, McAbee, British Columbia
sp nov
Valid
Archibald
Ypresian
Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation
gen et sp nov
valid
Chaboo & Engel
Parachute Member, Green River Formation
One of the oldest tortoise beetles
Eosacantha[9]
gen et sp nov
valid
Chaboo & Engel
Parachute Member, Green River Formation
One of the oldest tortoise beetles
Leptofoenus pittfieldae[10]
sp nov
Valid
Burdigalian
Dominican amber
sp nov
Valid
Gibson
Eocene
Baltic amber
gen et sp nov
Valid
Gibson
Eocene
Baltic amber
gen et sp nov
Valid
Burdigalian
Dominican amber
sp nov
Valid
Archibald, Makarkin, & Ansorge
Ypresian
Tom Thumb Tuff, Klondike Mountain Formation
sp nov
Valid
Burdigalian
Dominican amber
Pronymphes hoffeinsorum[12]
Valid
Archibald, Makarkin, Ansorge
Priabonian
Yantarny [=Palmnicken], Kaliningradskaya Oblast’
Termitaradus mitnicki[13]
sp nov
Valid
Burdigalian
Dominican amber
Cephalopods
Three new species of extinct Octopoda discovered in 2009. The species - Keuppia hyperbolaris, Keuppia levante, and Styletoctopus annae - lived about 95 million years ago, and bear a strong resemblance to modern octopuses, suggesting that the Octopoda order has remained relatively unchanged for tens of millions of years. The fossils included evidence of arms, muscles, rows of suckers, ink, and internal gills. The discovery was made by a team led by Dirk Fuchs of the Freie University, which is located at Berlin, Germany.[14] The fossils were found at Hakel and Hadjoula, Lebanon.[15]
Name Novelty Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Keuppia[16]
Gen et sp nov
Valid
Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis
Upper Cenomanian
Styletoctopus[16]
gen et sp nov
Valid
Fuchs, Bracchi, & Weis
Upper Cenomanian
Amphibians
Newly named amphibians
Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Valid
- Báez
- Moura
- Gómez
Lower Cretaceous
Possible stem neobatrachian
Eurycephalella[17]
Valid
- Báez
- Moura
- Gómez
Lower Cretaceous
A hyloid
Valid
- Anderson
- Scott
- Reisz
Early Permian
The smallest known ostodolepid microsaur
Valid
- Skutschas
Turonian
Bissekty Formation
Regalerpeton[20]
Valid
- Zhang
- Wang
- Jones
- Evans
Early Cretaceous
Huajiying Formation
A cryptobranchoid salamander
Spinarerpeton[21]
Valid
- Klembara
Early Permian
Anapsids
Newly named anapsids
Name Status Authors Discovery year Age Unit Location Notes Images Angolachelys[22]
Valid
- Mateus
- Jacobs
- et al.[CAL 1]
Turonian (Late Cretaceous)
Aurorachelys[23]
Valid
- Vandermark
- Tarduno
- et al.[CAL 2]
Late Cretaceous
Australothyris[24]
Valid
- Modesto
- Scott
- Reisz
Middle Permian
A basal parareptile
Basilochelys[25]
Valid
- Tong
- Claude
- et al.[CAL 3]
Late Jurassic/Lower Cretaceous
Phu Kradung Formation
Cedrobaena[26]
Valid
- Lyson
- Joyce
Paleocene
New genus for "Plesiobaena" putorius Gaffney, 1972
Derrisemys[27]
Junior synonym
- Hutchison
Early Paleocene
Junior synonym of Hutchemys.[28]
Eileanchelys[29]
Valid
- Anquetin
- Barrett
- et al.[CAL 4]
Middle Jurassic
Kilmaluag Formation
Valid
- Joyce
- Revan
- Lyson
- Danilov
Paleocene
Fort Union Formation
Tullock FormationA plastomenine softshell turtles
Kinkonychelys[31]
Valid
- Gaffney
- Krause
- Zalmout
Late Cretaceous
Palatobaena cohen[32]
Valid
- Lyson
- Joyce
Maastrichtian
A baenid
Peckemys[26]
Valid
- Lyson
- Joyce
Late Cretaceous
A baenid
Plastomenoides[27]
Junior synonym
- Hutchison
Early Paleocene
Junior synonym of Hutchemys.[28]
Procolina[33]
Valid
- Borsuk−Białynicka
- Lubka
early Late Olenekian
Czatkowice 1
A procolophonine procolophonid
Bony fish
Newly named Tetrapodomoprhs Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Heddleichthys[34] Valid
- Snitting
Famennian (Late Devonian)
Dura Den Formation
Langlieria[35] Valid
- Clément
- Snitting
- Ahlberg
Famennian (Late Devonian)
Evieux Formation
- Shimada, K. and Everhart, M.J. 2009. First record of Anomoeodus (Osteichthyes: Pycnodontiformes) from the Upper Cretaceous Niobrara Chalk of western Kansas. Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions 112(1/2):98-102.
A new species of late Maastrichtian bony fish (Ichthyodectiformes: Saurocephalus) from Jordan, Saurocephalus longicorpus described by Kaddumi (2009)
A new species of late Maastrichtian bony fish (Aulopiformes: Enchodontidae) from Jordan, Enchodus harranaensis described by Kaddumi (2009)
Reference: Kaddumi, H. F. 2009. Fossils of the Harrana Fauna and the Adjacent Areas. Publications of the Etrnal Rive Museum of Natural History, Amman. 324 pp.
Archosauromorphs
Basal archosauromorphs
Newly named basal archosauromorphs Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Valid
- Borsuk−Białynicka
- Evans
earliest Late Olenekian
Czatkowice 1
A long−necked archosauromorph
Aves
- Anfinson, O.A., Lockley, M.G., Kim, S.H., Kim, K.S., and Kim, J.Y. 2009. First report of the small bird track Koreanaornis from the Cretaceous of North America: implications for avian ichnotaxonomy and paleoecology. Cretaceous Research. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.02.001.
- Lockley, M., Chin, K., Houck, K., Matsukawa, M., and Kukihara, R. 2009. New interpretations of Ignotornis, the first-reported Mesozoic avian footprints: implications for the paleoecology and behavior of an enigmatic Cretaceous bird. Cretaceous Research. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.04.001.
- Bell, A. and Everhart, M.J. 2009. A new specimen of Parahesperornis (Aves: Hesperornithiformes) from the Smoky Hill Chalk (Early Campanian) of western Kansas. Kansas Academy of Science, Transactions 112(1/2):7-14.
Newly named birds Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Alamitornis[37]
Valid
- Agnolin
- Martinelli
Late Cretaceous
Los Alamitos Formation
Elbretornis[38]
Valid
- Walker
- Dyke
Maastrichtian
Lecho Formation
An enantiornithine.
Jianchangornis[39]
Valid
- Zhou
- Zhang
- Li
Lower Cretaceous (Albian)
Basal ornithurine.
Martinavis minor[38]
Valid
- Walker
- Dyke
Maastrichtian
Lecho Formation
An enantiornithine.
Valid
- Walker
- Dyke
Maastrichtian
Lecho Formation
An enantiornithine.
Valid
- Walker
- Dyke
Maastrichtian
Lecho Formation
An enantiornithine.
Rapaxavis[40]
Valid
- Morschhauser
- Varricchio
- et al.[CAL 5]
Lower Cretaceous
A longipterygid enantiornithine.
Shanweiniao[41]
Valid
- O'Connor
- Wang
- et al.[CAL 6]
Lower Cretaceous
A longipterygid enantiornithine.
Talpanas[42]
Valid
- Olson
- James
Holocene
A Hawaiian duck that probably lived a kiwi-like lifestyle.
Crurotarsans
- Delfino, M., and Smith, T. 2009. A reassessment of the morphology and taxonomic status of 'Crocodylus' depressifrons Blainville, 1855 (Crocodylia, Crocodyloidea) based on the Early Eocene remains from Belgium. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 156(1):140-167. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00478.x.
Newly named crurotarsans Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Armadillosuchus[43] Valid
- Marinho
- Carvalho
Late Cretaceous
Adamantina Formation
Notosuchian with heavy, armadillo-like body armor consisting of flexible bands and rigid shields
Barcinosuchus[44] Valid
- Leardi
- Pol
Aptian - Albian
Collilongus[45] Valid
- Borsuk−Białynicka
- Sennikov
Early Olenekian
Czatkowice 1
Possible rauisuchian
Coringasuchus[46] Valid
- Kellner
- Pinheiro
- et al.[CAL 7]
Early Cenomanian
Alcântara Formation
Duerosuchus[47] Valid
- Santiago
- Andrés
Middle Eocene
Hypselorhachis[48] Valid
- Butler
- Barrett
- et al.[CAL 8]
Middle Triassic
Manda Beds
Possible ctenosauriscid
Kaprosuchus[49] Valid
- Sereno
- Larson
Upper Cretaceous
Echkar Formation
Unusual large mahajangasuchid with hypertrophied caniniform teeth and posteriorly projecting horns
Khoratosuchus[50] Valid
- Lauprasert
- Cuny
- et al.[CAL 9]
Early Cretaceous
Youngest Mesozoic crocodyliform yet known from Thailand
Laganosuchus [49] Valid
- Sereno
- Larson
Cenomanian
Echkar Formation
Kem Kem BedsMiadanasuchus [51] Valid
- Simons
- Buckley
Campanian
A new genus for "Trematochampsa" oblita (Buffetaut & Taquet, 1979)
Morrinhosuchus[52] Valid
- Iori
- Carvalho
Late Cretaceous
Adamantina Formation
Notosuchian from Brazil
Penghusuchus[53] Valid
- Shan
- Wu
- et al.[CAL 10]
Late Miocene
A tomistomine crocodilian.
Polonosuchus[54] Valid
- Brusatte
- Butler
- et al.[CAL 11]
Late Carnian
A new genus for "Teratosaurus" silesiacus (Sulej, 2005)
Yacarerani [55] Valid
- Novas
- Pais
- et al.[CAL 12]
Late Cretaceous
Non-avian dinosaurs
Research
- A new study on theropod furculae is published.[56]
- A "detailed description of the skull and mandible of the Chinese cerapodan ornithischian dinosaur Jeholosaurus shangyuanensis" is published.[57]
- Knoll, F., Padian, K., and de Ricqles, A. 2009. Ontogenetic change and adult body size of the early ornithischian dinosaur Lesothosaurus diagnosticus: Implications for basal ornithischian taxonomy. Gondwana Research. doi:10.1016/j.gr.2009.03.010.
- Matthews, J. C., Brusatte, S. L., Williams, S. A., and Henderson, M. D., 2009, The first Triceratops bonebed and its implications for gregarious behavior: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 29, n. 1, p. 286-290.
- Williamson, T. E., Carr, T. D., Williams, S. A., and Tremaine, K., 2009, Early ontogeny of pachycephalosaurine squamosals as revealed by juvenile specimens from the Hell Creek Formation, eastern Montana: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 29, n. 1, p. 291-294.
- Bittencourt, J.S., and A.W.A. Kellner. 2009. The anatomy and phylogenetic position of the Triassic dinosaur Staurikosaurus pricei Colbert, 1970. Zootaxa 2079:1-56.
- Chin, K., Hartman, J.H., and Roth, B. 2009. Opportunistic exploitation of dinosaur dung: fossil snails in coprolites from the Upper Cretaceous Two Medicine Formation of Montana. Lethaia 42(2):185-198. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2008.00131.x.
- Maidment, S.C.R., and Porro, L.B. 2009. Homology of the palpebral and origin of supraorbital ossifications in ornithischian dinosaurs. Lethaia. doi:10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00172.x.
- Gates, T.A., and Farke, A.A. 2009. Biostratigraphic and biogeographic implications of a hadrosaurid (Ornithopoda: Dinosauria) from the Upper Cretaceous Almond Formation of Wyoming, USA. Cretaceous Research. doi:10.1016/j.cretres.2009.05.001.
- Moratalla, J.J., and Hernán, J. 2008. Los Cayos S y D: dos afloramientos con icnitas de saurópodos, terópodos y ornitópodos en el Cretácico Inferior del área de Los Cayos (Cornago, La Rioja, España). Estudios Geológicos 64(2):161-173. doi:10.3989/egeol.08642.043.
- Taylor, M.P., Wedel, M.J., and Naish, D. 2009. Head and neck posture in sauropod dinosaurs inferred from extant animals. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 54 (2): 213–220.
Hadrosaur chewing study
Main article: 2008–2009 hadrosaur chewing studyA study titled "Quantitative analysis of dental microwear in hadrosaurid dinosaurs, and the implications for hypotheses of jaw mechanics and feeding" is published by British paleontologists Mark Purnell, Paul Barrett and student Vince Williams. The paper examined the chewing methods and diet of hadrosaurid ("duck billed") dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous period. The scientists analyzed hundreds of microscopic scratches on the teeth of a fossilized Edmontosaurus jaw, and believe they determined exactly how a hadrosaur broke down and ate its food, which had previously eluded researchers.
The study found hadrosaurs had a unique way of eating unlike any creature living today. In contrast to a flexible lower jaw joint prevalent in today's mammals, hadrosaurs had a unique hinge between the upper jaws and the rest of its skull. The team found the dinosaur's upper jaws pushed outwards and sideways while chewing, as the lower jaw slid against the upper teeth.
The study also concluded that hadrosaurs likely grazed on horsetails and vegetation close to the ground, rather than browsing higher-growing leaves and twigs. However, Purnell said these conclusions were less secure than the more conclusive evidence regarding the motion of teeth while chewing. Previous studies found contradictory conclusions, and the issue remains a subject of debate.
The findings were published on June 30, 2009 in the journal, The Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. Purnell said no previous study had ever employed this method of analyzing microscopic teeth scratches, and that the method could be used to study other areas of scientific research.
New taxa
Data courtesy of George Olshevky's dinosaur genera list.[58] ~44 dinosaur genera were erected in 2009.
Name Status Authors Discovery year Age Unit Location Notes Images Adeopapposaurus[59] Valid - Ricardo N. Martínez
Cañón del Colorado Formation
Aerosteon[60] Valid Rio Colorado Formation
Albalophosaurus [61]
Valid - Ohashi
- Barrett
Kuwajima Formation
Albertonykus[62] Valid - Longrich
- Currie
lower Maastrichtian
Anchiornis[63] Valid - Xu X.
- Zhao Q.
- et al.[CAL 14]
Tiaojishan Formation
Angulomastacator[64]
Valid
- J. R. Wagner
- Lehman
Aguja Formation
Arenysaurus[65]
Valid
- Xabier Pereda-Suberbiolaa
- José Ignacio Canudob
- et al.[CAL 15]
Valid
- Hocknull
- White
- et al.[CAL 16]
Baotianmansaurus[67] Valid
- Zhang, X.
- Lü, J.
- et al.[CAL 17]
Gaogou Formation
Barrosasaurus[68]
Valid - Salgado
- Coria
Ceratonykus[69] Valid
- Alifanov
- Barsbold
Baruungoyot Formation
Diamantinasaurus[70] Valid
- Hocknull
- White
- et al.[CAL 16]
Elrhazosaurus[71]
Valid
- Galton
Elrhaz Formation
Helioceratops[72] Valid
- Jin
- Chen
- et al.[CAL 18]
Quantou Formation
Hesperonychus[73] Valid
- Longrich
- Currie
Smallest known dinosaur from North America.
Jintasaurus[74]
Valid
- You
- Li
Xinminpu Group
Kemkemia[75]
Valid
- Cau
- Maganuco
Kinnareemimus[76] Valid
- Buffetaut
- Suteethorn
- Tong
Sao Khua Formation
Kol[77] Valid
- Turner
- Nesbitt
- Norell
Leshansaurus[78]
Valid
- Li
- Peng
- et al.[CAL 19]
Shangshaximiao Formation
Levnesovia[79] Valid - Sues
- Averianov
Bissekty Formation
The oldest Hadrosauroidean
Limusaurus[80] Valid - Xu
Shishugou Formation
The first Asian ceratosaur to be discovered
Luoyanggia[81] Valid - Lü
- Xu
- et al.[CAL 20]
Mangchuan Formation
An oviraptorosaur
Malarguesaurus[82] Valid - González Riga
- Previtera
- Pirrone
Minotaurasaurus[83] Valid - Clifford A. Miles
- Clark J. Mikes
Miragaia[84] Valid - Mateus
- Maidment
- Christiansen
Sobral Formation
Long necked stegosaur.
Valid
- Galton
Purbeck Limestone
Panphagia[85] Valid - Martinez
- Alcober
Ischigualasto Formation
The most basal known sauropodomorph.[85]
Qiaowanlong[74]
Valid - You
- Li
Xinminpu Group
Raptorex[86]
Ruyangosaurus[87] Valid
- Lu
- Xu
- et al.[CAL 22]
Mangchuan Formation
Shaochilong[88] Valid
- Brusatte
- Benson
- et al.[CAL 23]
Ulansuhai Formation
Shidaisaurus[89] Valid
- Wu
- Currie
- et al.[CAL 24]
Upper Lufeng Formation
Sinotyrannus[90]
Valid
- Ji
- Ji
- Zhang
Skorpiovenator[91] Valid - Canale
- Scanferla
- et al.[CAL 25]
Spinophorosaurus[92]
- Remes
- Ortega
- et al.[CAL 26]
Irhazer Group
Tatankacephalus[93]
Valid
- Parsons
- Parsons
Tawa[94]
Valid
- Nesbitt
- Smith
- et al.[CAL 27]
Tethyshadros[95]
Valid
- Dalla Vecchia
Liburnia Formation
Tianyulong[96]
Valid
- Zheng
- You
- et al.[CAL 28]
Tiaojishan Formation
Wintonotitan[70]
Valid
- Hocknull
- White
- et al.[CAL 16]
Xianshanosaurus[81] Valid - Lü
- Xu
- et al.[CAL 20]
Mangchuan Formation
A sauropod
"Xinghesaurus"
- Hasegawa
- Carpenter
- et al.[CAL 29]
Name published without scientific description in Japanese guidebook "Dinosaur Expo 2009: The Miracle of Deserts" Zanabazar[97]
Valid
- Norell
- Makovicky
- et al.[CAL 30]
Pterosaurs
- Lü, J. 2009. A new non-pterodactyloid pterosaur from Qinglong County, Hebei Province of China. Acta Geologica Sinica (English Edition) 83(2):189-199. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2009.00062.x.
- Vullo, R., and Neraudeau, D., 2009, Pterosaur remains from the Cenomanian (Late Cretaceous) Paralic Deposits of Charentes, Western France: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, v. 29, n. 1, p. 277-282.
Newly named pterosaurs Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Carniadactylus[98]
Valid
- Dalla Vecchia
Late Triassic
A campylognathoidid with a wingspan of about 70 cm.
Valid
- Lü
Middle Jurassic
Tiaojishan Formation
A primitive long-tailed pterosaur related to Dorygnathus.
Valid
- Lü
Early Cretaceous
A pterodactyloid known from a juvenile specimen whose fossils preserved details of the flight membrane and fur.
Wukongopterus[101]
Valid
- Wang
- Kellner
- Jiang
- Meng
Late Jurassic
A primitive long tailed pterosaur. The type specimen shows evidence of the animal having broken its shin while alive.
Lepidosauromorphs
Basal lepidosauromorphs
Newly named basal lepidosauromorphs Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Pamelina[102]
Valid
- Evans
Early Olenekian
Czatkowice 1
A basal kuehneosaurid
Sophineta[103]
Valid
- Evans
- Borsuk−Białynicka
earliest Late Olenekian
Czatkowice 1
A basal lepidosauromorph
Plesiosaurs
- In 2009, in Svalbard, Norway a new pliosaur was found by Jorn Hurum. It currently is codenamed as "Predator X."
- O'Keefe, F. R., and Street, H. P., 2009. Osteology of the cryptocleidoid plesiosaur Tatenectes laramiensis, with comments on the taxonomic status of the Cimoliasauridae: Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 29(1):48–57.
Newly named plesiosaurs Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Gallardosaurus[104]
Valid
- Gasparini
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)
Jagua Formation
Valid
- Druckenmiller
- Russell
Early Cretaceous (Albian)
Replacement name for Nichollsia Druckenmiller & Russell, 2008, preoccupied by a isopod genus Nichollsia Chopra & Tiwari, 1950
Squamates
Newly named squamates Name Status Authors Notes Images Titanoboa[106] Valid - Head
- Bloch
- Hastings
- Bourque
- Cadena
- Herrera
- Polly
- Jaramillo
In February, the fossils of 28 individual T. cerrejonensis (Titanoboas) were announced to have been found in the coal mines of Cerrejón, La Guajira, Colombia.[107]
Synapsids
Non-mammalian
Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Protuberum[108]
Valid
- Reichel
- Schultz
- Soares
Middle Triassic (Ladinian)
Raranimus[109]
Valid
- Liu
- Rubidge
- Li
Middle Permian (Roadian)
Xidagou Formation
Yuanotherium[110]
Valid
- Hu
- Meng
- Clark
Late Jurassic (Oxfordian)
Shishugou Formation
Mammals
- A study by J. R. Foster is published estimating the body masses of mammals from the Late Jurassic Morrison Formation by using the ratio of dentary length to body mass of modern marsupials as a reference. Foster concludes that Docodon was the most massive mammal genus of the formation at 141g and Fruitafossor was the least massive at 6g. The average Morrison mammal had a mass of 48.5g. A graph of the body mass distribution of Morrison mammal genera produced a right-skewed curve, meaning that there were more low-mass genera.[111]
- Fujiwara, S.-I. 2009. Olecranon orientation as an indicator of elbow joint angle in the stance phase, and estimation of forelimb posture in extinct quadruped animals. Journal of Morphology. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10748.
- Fujiwara, S.-I., Kuwazuru, O., Inuzuka, N., and Yochikawa, N. 2009. Relationship between scapular position and structural strength of rib cage in quadruped animals. Journal of Morphology. doi: 10.1002/jmor.10744.
- Mitchell, G., van Sittert, S.J., and Skinner, J.D. 2009. Sexual selection is not the origin of long necks in giraffes. Journal of Zoology. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.2009.00573.x.
Newly named mammals Name Status Authors Age Unit Location Notes Images Anoiapithecus[112]
Valid
- Moyà-Solà
- Alba
- et al.[CAL 31]
Middle Miocene
Arcantiodelphys[113]
Valid
- Vullo
- Gheerbrant
- et al.[CAL 32]
Cenomanian
Valid
- Rich
- Vickers-Rich
- et al.[CAL 33]
Aptian
Wonthaggi Formation
First Australian multituberculate.
Valid
- Franzen
- Gingerich
- et al.[CAL 34]
early Geiseltalian
Messel Formation
Valid
- Cuesta
- Badiola
Middle Eocene
An anoplotheriine artiodactyl
Eritherium[117]
Valid
- Gheerbrant
Early Thanetian
Ouled Abdoun basin
The oldest, smallest and most primitive elephant relative.
Ganlea[118]
Valid
- Beard
- Marivaux
- et al.[CAL 35]
late Middle Eocene
Pondaung Formation
Kahawamys[119]
Valid
- Stevens
- Holroyd
- et al.[CAL 36]
Late Oligocene
Nsungwe Formation
A thryonomyoid rodent
Valid
- Gingerich
- ul-Haq
- et al.[CAL 37]
early Middle Eocene
Habib Rahi Formation
Valid
- Kusuhashi
- Hu
- et al.[CAL 38]
Aptian/Albian
Fuxin Formation
Shahai FormationA alticonodontine triconodontid
Valid
- Métais
- Welcomme
- Ducrocq
Middle Oligocene
A lophiomerycid ruminant
Puijila[123]
Valid
- Rybczynski
- Dawson
- Tedford
Early Miocene
Extinct genus of pinniped.
Relevant research in other sciences
Evolutionary biology
- A study is published that proposes that females from certain taxa use ornaments as a criterion for mate choice because other dimorphic structures, like biological "weaponry" could be used to coerce or force them to mate.[124]
- A study concludes that biotic factors have more pronounced local and short term evolutionary impacts than abiotic factors, which in turn have a more pronounced effect through time and on biodiversity as a whole.[125]
Extinction
A study noting the effects of the KT mass extinction on Earth's modern biota is published.[126]
Geology
- Zhang, H.; Wei, Z.-L.; Liu, X.-M.; Li, D. (2009). "Constraints on the age of the Tuchengzi Formation by LA-ICP-MS dating in northern Hebei-western Liaoning, China". Science in China D 52 (4): 461–470. doi:10.1007/s11430-009-0052-9.
Ichnology
- Bedatou, E., Melchor, R.N., and Genise, J.F. 2009. Complex palaeosol ichnofabrics from Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous volcaniclastic successions of central Patagonia, Argentina. Sedimentary Geology. doi:10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.04.005
Paleobiogeography
- Pereda-Suberbiola, X. 2009. Biogeographical affinities of Late Cretaceous
continental tetrapods of Europe: a review. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 180(1):57-71. doi:10.2113/gssgfbull.180.1.57.
Paleoecology
- Nicolas, M., and Rubidge, B.S. 2009. Changes in Permo-Triassic terrestrial tetrapod ecological representation in the Beaufort Group (Karoo Supergroup) of South Africa. Lethaia. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.2009.00171.x.
Footnotes
Complete author list
As science becomes more collaborative, papers with large numbers of authors are becoming more common. To prevent the deformation of the tables, these footnotes list the contributors to papers that erect new genera and have many authors.
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