Delhi Metro

Delhi Metro
Delhi Metro
दिल्ली मेट्रो
Delhi Metro logo.svg
Info
Locale NCR, India (Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida)
Transit type Rapid transit
Number of lines 6
Number of stations 142[1]
Daily ridership 2.1 million[2][3][4]
Chief executive Mangu Singh[5]
Headquarters Metro Bhawan, Barakhamba Road, New Delhi
Website www.delhimetrorail.com
Operation
Began operation 24 December 2002 (2002-12-24)
Operator(s) Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Ltd (DMRC)
Number of vehicles 210 trains[6]
Train length 4/6 coaches[6][7]
Technical
System length 189.7 kilometres (117.9 mi)[1]
Track gauge 1,676 mm (5 ft 6 in) broad gauge and 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge
Electrification 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary
System map
Delhi metro rail network.svg

Delhi Metro (Hindi: दिल्ली मेट्रो Dillī Meṭro) is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, Gurgaon, Noida and Ghaziabad in the National Capital Region of India. It is one of the largest metro networks in the world. The network consists of six lines with a total length of 189.63 kilometres (117.83 mi) with 142 stations of which 35 are underground. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade and underground lines and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Three types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge.

Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited (DMRC). As of November 2010, DMRC operates around 2,700 trips daily between 6:00 and 23:00 running with an interval of 2.5 minutes between trains at peak frequency.[3][8] The trains are mainly of four coaches, but due to increase in passengers numbers, six-coach trains are also added on red line (Dilshad Garden to Rithala), Yellow Line (Jahangirpuri to HUDA city centre), Blue Line (Dwarka sec −21 to Vaishali/NOIDA city centre) on the network .[6][7][8][9] The power output is supplied by 25-kilovolt, 50 Hertz alternating current through overhead catenary. The metro has an average daily ridership of 1.8 million commuters,[2] and, as of July 2011, had carried over 1.25 billion commuters since its inception.[10] The Delhi Metro Rail Corporation has been certified by the United Nations as the first metro rail and rail-based system in the world to get “carbon credits for reducing greenhouse gas emissions” and helping in reducing pollution levels in the city by 6.3 lakh tonne every year.[11]

Planning for the metro started in 1984, when the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system for the city. The Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) in 1995. Construction started in 1998, and the first section, on the Red Line, opened in 2002, followed by the Yellow Line in 2004, the Blue Line in 2005, its branch line in 2009, the Green and Violet Lines in 2010 and the Delhi Airport Metro Express in 2011.

Contents

History

Background

The concept of a mass rapid transit for new delhi first emerged from a traffic and travel characteristics study which was carried out in the city in 1969.[12] Over the next several years, many official committees by a variety of government departments were commissioned to examine issues related to technology, route alignment and governmental jurisdiction.[13] In 1984, the Delhi Development Authority and the Urban Arts Commission came up with a proposal for developing a multi-modal transport system, which would consist of constructing three underground mass rapid transit corridors as well augmenting the city's existing suburban railway and road transport networks.[14]

While extensive technical studies and the raising of finance for the project were in progress, the city expanded significantly resulting in a twofold rise in population and a fivefold rise in the number of vehicles between 1981 and 1998.[14] Consequently, traffic congestion and pollution soared, as an increasing number of commuters took to private vehicles with the existing bus system unable to bear the load.[12] An attempt at privatising the bus transport system in 1992 merely compounded the problem, with inexperienced operators plying poorly maintained, noisy and polluting buses on lengthy routes, resulting in long waiting times, unreliable service, extreme overcrowding, unqualified drivers, speeding and reckless driving.[15] To rectify the situation, the Government of India and the Government of Delhi jointly set up a company called the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) on March 5, 1995 with E. Sreedharan as the managing director.[16]

Construction

Physical construction work on the Delhi Metro started on October 1, 1998.[17] After the previous problems experienced by the Kolkata Metro, which was badly delayed and 12 times over budget due to "political meddling, technical problems and bureaucratic delays", the DMRC was given full powers to hire people, decide on tenders and control funds.[18] The DMRC then consulted the Hong Kong MTR on rapid transit operation and construction techniques.[19] As a result, construction proceeded smoothly, except for one major disagreement in 2000, where the Ministry of Railways forced the system to use broad gauge despite the DMRC's preference for standard gauge.[20]

The first line of the Delhi Metro was inaugurated by Atal Behari Vajpayee, the then Prime Minister of India on December 24, 2002[21] and thus it became the second underground rapid transit system in India, after the Kolkata Metro. The first phase of the project was completed in 2006[22] on budget and almost three years ahead of schedule, an achievement described by Business Week as "nothing short of a miracle".[23]

Network

Main article: List of Delhi metro stations

The Delhi Metro is being built in phases. Phase I completed 65.11 km (40.46 mi) of route length, of which 13.01 km (8.08 mi) is underground and 52.10 km (32.37 mi) surface or elevated. The inauguration of the Indraprastha–Barakhamba Road corridor of the Blue Line marked the completion of Phase I on October 27, 2006.[22] Phase II of the network comprises 128 km (80 mi) of route length and 79 stations, and is fully completed, with the first section opened in June 2008 and the last line opened in August 2011.[24] Phases III (112 km) and IV (108.5 km) are planned to be completed by 2015 and 2021 respectively, with the network spanning 413 km (257 mi) by then.[25]

Current routes

As of August 27, 2011, the whole of Phase-I and Phase-II are complete, with the network comprising six lines with 142 metro stations and a total length of 189.7 km (117.9 mi).[1][26]

Network map
Line First operational Last Extension Stations[26] Length
(km)[26]		 Terminals Rolling stock
     Red Line December 24, 2002 June 4, 2008 21 25.15 Dilshad Garden Rithala 23 trains[27]
     Yellow Line December 20, 2004 September 3, 2010 34 44.65 Jahangirpuri HUDA City Centre 45 trains[3]
     Blue Line December 31, 2005 October 30, 2010 44 49.93 Noida City Centre Dwarka Sector 21 59 trains[8]
January 7, 2010 July 14, 2011 8 8.75 Yamuna Bank Vaishali
     Green Line April 3, 2010 — 15 18.46 Inderlok Mundka 15 trains[28]
August 27, 2011 -- 2 3.32 Kirti Nagar Ashok Park Main
     Violet Line October 3, 2010 January 14, 2011 15 20.04 Central Secretariat Badarpur 29 trains[29]
    Airport Express February 23, 2011 - 6 22.70 New Delhi Dwarka Sector 21 8 trains

Red Line

Main article: Red Line (Delhi Metro)

The Red Line was the first line of the Metro to be opened and connects Rithala in the west to Dilshad Garden in the east, covering a distance of 25.09 kilometres (15.59 mi).[27] It is partly elevated and partly at grade, and crosses the Yamuna River between Kashmere Gate and Shastri Park stations.[30] The inauguration of the first stretch between Shahdara and Tis Hazari on December 24, 2002, caused the ticketing system to collapse due to the line being crowded to four times its capacity by citizens eager to have a ride.[31][32] Subsequent sections were inaugurated from Tis Hazari – Trinagar (later renamed Inderlok) on October 4, 2003,[33] Inderlok – Rithala on March 31, 2004, and Shahdara – Dilshad Garden on June 4, 2008.[34]

Yellow Line

Main article: Yellow Line (Delhi Metro)

The Yellow Line was the second line of the Metro and was the first underground line to be opened.[35] It runs for 44.36 kilometres (27.56 mi) from north to south and connects Jahangirpuri with HUDA City Centre. The northern and southern parts of the line are elevated, while the central section through some of the most congested parts of Delhi is underground. The first section between Vishwa Vidyalaya and Kashmere Gate opened on December 20, 2004, and the subsequent sections of Kashmere Gate – Central Secretariat opened on July 3, 2005, and Vishwa Vidyalaya – Jahangirpuri on February 4, 2009.[34] This line also possesses the country's deepest Metro station at Chawri Bazaar, situated 30 metres (98 ft) below ground level.[36][37] On 21 June 2010, an additional stretch from Qutub Minar to HUDA City Centre in Gurgaon was opened, initially operating separately from the main line. However, Chhatarpur station on this line opened on August 26, 2010. Due to delay in acquiring the land for constructing the station, it was constructed using pre-fabricated structures in a record time of nine months and is the only station in the Delhi metro network to be made completely of steel.[38][39] The connecting link between Central Secretariat and Qutub Minar opened on September 3, 2010.[40] Interchanges are available with the Red Line at Kashmere Gate station, Blue Line at Rajiv Chowk Station, Violet Line at Central Secretariat , and with the Indian Railways network at Delhi and New Delhi railway stations.[41][42]

Blue Line

Main article: Blue Line (Delhi Metro)

The Blue Line was the third line of the Metro to be opened, and the first to connect areas outside Delhi.[43] Partly overhead and partly underground,[44] it connects Dwarka Sub City in the west with the satellite city of Noida in the east, covering a distance of 47.4 kilometres (29.5 mi).[43] The first section of this line between Dwarka and Barakhamba Road was inaugurated on December 31, 2005, and subsequent sections opened between Dwarka – Dwarka Sector 9 on April 1, 2006, Barakhamba Road – Indraprastha on November 11, 2006, Indraprastha – Yamuna Bank on May 10, 2009, Yamuna Bank – Noida City Centre on November 12, 2009, and Dwarka Sector 9 – Dwarka Sector 21 on October 30, 2010.[34] This line crosses the Yamuna River between Indraprastha and Yamuna Bank stations,[30] and has India's first extradosed bridge across the Northern Railways mainlines near Pragati Maidan.[45] A branch of the Blue line, inaugurated on January 8, 2010, takes off from Yamuna Bank station and runs for 6.25 kilometres (3.88 mi) up to Anand Vihar in east Delhi.[46] It was further extended up to Vaishali which was opened to public on July 14, 2011.[47][48] A small stretch of 2.76 kilometres (1.71 mi) from Dwarka Sector 9 to Dwarka Sector 21 was inaugurated on October 30, 2010.[49][50] Interchanges are available with the Yellow Line at Rajiv Chowk station,[44] and with the Indian Railways network at the Anand Vihar Railway Terminal.[51]

Green Line

Main article: Green Line (Delhi Metro)

Opened in 2010, the Green Line was the first standard-gauge corridor of the Delhi Metro.[28] The fully elevated line connects Mundka with Inderlok, running for 15.1 kilometres (9.4 mi) mostly along Rohtak Road.[52] An interchange with the Red line is available at Inderlok station via an integrated concourse.[53] This line also has the country's first standard-gauge maintenance depot at Mundka.[54]

Violet Line

Main article: Violet Line (Delhi Metro)

The Violet Line is the most recent line of the Metro to be opened, and the second standard-gauge corridor after the Green Line. The 20.2 km (12.6 mi) long line connects Badarpur to Central Secretariat, with 9 km (5.6 mi) being overhead and the rest underground.[29] The first section between Central Secretariat and Sarita Vihar was inaugurated on October 3, 2010, just hours before the inaugural ceremony of the 2010 Commonwealth Games, and connects the Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium which is the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies of the event.[55] Completed in just 41 months, it includes a 100 m (330 ft) long bridge over the Indian Railways mainlines and a 167.5 m (550 ft) long cable-stayed bridge across an operational road flyover, and connects several hospitals, tourist attractions and a major industrial estate along its route.[29] Services are provided at intervals of 5 min.[55] An interchange with the Yellow Line is available at Central Secretariat through an integrated concourse.[29] On January 14, 2011, the remaining portion from Sarita Vihar to Badarpur was opened for commercial service, adding three new stations to the network and marking the completion of the line.[1]

Airport Express

Main article: Delhi Airport Metro Express

The Airport Express line runs for 22.7 km (14.1 mi) from New Delhi Railway Station to Dwarka Sector 21, linking the Indira Gandhi International Airport. The line is operated, by the Delhi Airport Metro Express Pvt. Limited (DAMEL), a subsidiary of Reliance Infrastructure, the concessionaire of the line.[56] Constructed at a cost of INR2,885 crore (US$585.08 million),[57] the line has six stations (Dhaula Kuan and Delhi Aerocity became operational on August 15, 2011), with some featuring check-in facilities, parking and eateries.[58] Rolling stock consists of six-coach trains operating at intervals of ten minutes and having a maximum speed of 135 km/h (84 mph).[58] Originally scheduled to open before the 2010 Commonwealth Games, the line failed to obtain the mandatory safety clearance, and was opened on 24 February 2011, after a delay of around 5 months.[59][60]

Planned extensions

Delhi Metro map with Phase I, phase II & proposed phase III routes

Several extensions to the Delhi Metro network have been planned under Phase III and IV.

Phase III

Routes within Delhi

Phase III is tentatively composed of two new lines and three extensions, covering 67 new stations and 108 km of new track, with an estimated cost of INR30,000 crore (US$6.08 billion).[61] The following routes have received Delhi Cabinet clearance and final approval given by the Ministry of Urban Development and the Group of Ministers.[62] Fast-tracking its preliminary work of Phase-III, Delhi Metro has invited applications for the design of Overhead Equipment (OHE) system for elevated corridors of the ambitious project which is expected to kick off in November 2011.[63] When Delhi Metro's Phase-III becomes operational by 2016, trains will run at very short frequencies of 2 minutes thanks to an advanced signalling system that would be put in place.[63]

Routes beyond Delhi border

The Violet Line has received approval to be extended further from the Badarpur station towards Faridabad. The proposal is currently being approved by group of ministers within the central government. The first phase of the extension will run for 13.875 km and have 9 stations. It is expected to be operational within two years from the start of construction work.[64][65]

In addition, the Red Line is proposed to be extended further into Ghaziabad by 7.5 km with four additional stations – Shaheed Nagar, Rajbagh Colony, Rajendra Nagar and Mohan Nagar. Also plan to extend Airport express to Gurgaon Huda City Center is on the cards.[66]


Line Stations Length
(km)		 Terminals No. of interchanges
planned
     Yellow Line 3 4.48 Jahangirpuri Badali 0
     Blue Line extension 5 Dwarka Najafgarh 1
Dwarka Sector 21 -
HUDA City Centre		 - - Dwarka Sector 21 HUDA City Centre 1
     Violet Line 7 9.8 Central Secretariat Kashmere Gate 2
9 13.875 Badarpur YMCA Chowk Faridabad 0
     Red Line 4 7.5 Dilshad Garden Mohan Nagar Ghaziabad 0
Inner Ring Road Line (Line 7) [67] 35 55.69 Mukundpur Yamuna Vihar 9
Outer Ring Road Line Line 8 26 37.25 Janakpuri West Botanical Garden 4

Phase IV

Phase IV has a 2020 deadline, and tentatively includes further extensions to Sonia Vihar, Reola Khanpur, Palam, Najafgarh, Narela, Ghazipur, Noida Sector 62, Gurgaon and Faridabad, having a total length of 108.5 km (67.4 mi).[25][68] Apart from these lines in Phases I to IV, plans have been mooted to construct a new line from Noida Sector 62 to Greater Noida which will intersect Indraprastha – Noida Sector 32 line.[69] The Ghaziabad Development Authority is planning to extend Delhi Metro lines deeper into Ghaziabad in three phases, including the extension of the Blue Line from Anand Vihar to Vaishali, and subsequently to Mehrauli via Indirapuram, as well as the extension of the Red Line from Dilshad Garden to the new Ghaziabad bus stand.[70][71] The independently operated Gurgaon Metro, work on which is going on and has a deadline of 2013, will also interchange with the Delhi Metro.[72]

Finances

Funding

The capital cost of Phases I and II has been estimated to be INR14,430 crore (US$2.93 billion) at 2004 prices.[73] However, more recent estimates have placed the cost of construction at INR200 crore (US$40.56 million) per kilometre.[74] Thirty percent of the total investment for Phases I and II has been raised through equity capital with the Government of India (GoI) and Government of Delhi contributing equal shares,[73] and approximately another 60 percent has been raised as either long-term or subordinate debt, through soft loans from the Japan Bank for International Cooperation.[75] The rest of the investment is proposed to be recovered from internal revenues through operations and property development.[73] The Metro also received INR1,914.3 crore (US$388.2 million) as grant-in-aid from various agencies for the financial year ending March 2009.[76] As of August 7, 2010, Delhi Metro has paid back an amount of INR567.63 crore (US$115.12 million), which includes loan amount for Phase I and interest amounts for Phases I and II, to the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA).[77]

Revenue and profits

In 2007, the Delhi Metro claimed to be one of only five metro systems in the world that operated at a profit without government subsidies. This was enabled by keeping maintenance costs to a minimum and harnessing additional revenue from advertisements and property development, apart from ticket sales.[78][79] The Metro also generates revenue by leasing out its trains and stations for film shoots. Due to its increasing association with Delhi as an image of the city's everyday life, it has been a popular filming location for production houses, and several films and advertisements have been shot on board.[80][81] Producers have to pay as much as INR1 lakh (US$2,028) for every hour of filming, besides a security deposit and insurance.[80]

For the financial year ended March 2008, the Metro reported operating revenues of INR305.27 crore (US$61.9 million) and a profit before tax of INR19.98 crore (US$4.05 million),[82] which rose to INR723.77 crore (US$146.8 million) and INR90.43 crore (US$18.3 million) respectively for the financial year ended March 2009.[76]

Operations

Inside a Metro Station.

Trains operate at a frequency of 3 to 4.5 minutes between 6:00 and 23:00. Trains operating within the network typically travel at speeds below 80 km/h (50 mph), and stop about 20 seconds at each station. Automated station announcements are recorded in Hindi and English. Many stations have services such as ATMs, food outlets, cafés and convenience stores. Eating, drinking, smoking, and chewing of gum are prohibited in the entire system. The Metro also has a sophisticated fire alarm system for advance warning in emergencies, and fire retardant material is used in trains as well as on the premises of stations.[83] Navigation information is available on Google Transit.[84] The first coach of every train is reserved for women."Delhi Metro to reserve coach for women from October 2". The Times of India. 2010-09-26. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-to-reserve-coach-for-women-from-October-2/articleshow/6629919.cms. Retrieved 2010-09-27. </ref>[85]

Security

Security on the Delhi Metro is handled by the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF), who have been guarding the system ever since they took over from the Delhi Police in 2007.[86] Closed-circuit cameras are used to monitor trains and stations, and feed from these is monitored by both the CISF and Delhi Metro authorities at their respective control rooms.[87] Over 3500 CISF personnel have been deployed to deal with law and order issues in the system, in addition to metal detectors, X-ray baggage inspection systems and dog squads which are used to secure the system.[88] Intercoms are provided in each train car for emergency communication between the passengers and the Train operator.[89] Periodic security drills are carried out at stations and on trains to ensure preparedness of security agencies in emergency situations.[90]

Ticketing

Smart Card

For the convenience of customers, Delhi Metro commuters have three choices for ticket purchase. The RFID tokens are valid only for a single journey on the day of purchase and the value depends on the distance travelled, with fares for a single journey ranging from INR8 (US$0.16) to INR30 (US$0.61). Fares are calculated based on the origin and destination stations using a fare chart.[91] A common ticketing facility for commuters travelling on Delhi Transport Corporation (DTC) buses and the Metro will be introduced in 2011.[92] Travel cards are available for longer durations and are most convenient for frequent commuters. They are valid for one year from the date of purchase or the date of last recharge, and are available in denominations of INR100 (US$2.03) to INR800 (US$16.2). A 10% discount is given on all travel made on it.[93] A deposit of INR50 (US$1.01) needs to be made to buy a new card.[91] Tourist cards can be used for unlimited travel on the Delhi Metro network over short periods of time. There are two kinds of tourist cards valid for one and three days respectively. The cost of a one-day card is INR100 (US$2) and that of a three-day card is INR250 (US$5.1), besides a refundable deposit of INR50 (US$1.01) that must be paid at the time of purchasing the card.[91]

Issues

A long line of commuters waiting to purchase tickets at the Yamuna Bank station in east Delhi.

As the network has expanded, high ridership in new trains have led to increasing instances of overcrowding and delays on the Delhi Metro.[94][95] To alleviate the problem, orders for new 6 coach trains have been placed and an increase in the frequency of trains has been proposed.[94] Infrequent, overcrowded and erratic feeder bus services connecting stations to nearby localities have also been reported as an area of concern.[96][97] In 2010, severe overcrowding on the Yellow Line, which connects the north and south campuses of Delhi University, was reported to be a reason for students missing or reporting late for classes.[98]

Ridership

Delhi Metro recorded the highest ever ridership figure of 2,066,925 on 20 August 2011, which surpassed the earlier record set on 01 August 2011, when 1,830,944 people traveled by the Metro. [99]

Currently, DMRC has a pool of 200 train sets with 69 of these being six coach formations. At present; the Delhi Metro is operational on six lines where more than 2500 train trips are made each day traversing over 69000 KMs in a day. With Phase-III of the network expected to cover about 108 kilometers, the Delhi Metro network will become 295 kilometers by 2016 making it one of the fastest expanding Metro networks in the world carrying about 4 million (40 lakh) passengers. [100]

Accidents

On October 19, 2008, a girder launcher and a part of the overhead Blue Line extension under construction in Laxmi Nagar, East Delhi collapsed and fell on passing vehicles underneath. Workers were lifting a 400-tonne concrete span of the bridge with the help of a crane when the launcher collapsed along with a 34 metres (112 ft) long span of the bridge on top of a Blueline bus killing the driver and a labourer.[101]

On July 12, 2009, a portion of a bridge under construction collapsed when its launching girder lost balance as it was being erected at Zamrudpur, near East of Kailash, on the Central Secretariat – Badarpur corridor. Six people were killed and 15 others injured.[102] The day after, on July 13, 2009, a crane that was removing the debris collapsed, and with a bowling pin effect collapsed two other nearby cranes, injuring six.[103] On July 22, 2009 a steel beam fell on a worker at the under-construction Ashok Park Metro station, killing him.[104] Over a hundred people, including 93 workers, have died since work on the metro began in 1998.[105]

Rolling stock

A Phase I broad gauge train, supplied by Hyundai Rotem-BEML.[106]
A Phase II broad gauge train, supplied by Bombardier.

The Metro uses rolling stock of two different gauges. Phase I lines use 1,676 mm (5.499 ft) broad gauge rolling stock, while three Phase II lines use 1,435 mm standard gauge rolling stock.[107] Trains are maintained at seven depots at Khyber Pass and Sultanpur for the Yellow Line, Mundka for the Green Line, Najafgarh and Yamuna Bank for the Blue Line, Shastri Park for the Red Line and Sarita Vihar for the Violet Line.[29][108][109][110][111]

One of the new six coach trains.

Broad gauge

The broad gauge rolling stock is manufactured by two major suppliers. For the Phase I, the rolling stock was supplied by a consortium of companies comprising Hyundai Rotem, Mitsubishi Corporation, and MELCO. The coaches were initially built in South Korea by ROTEM,[112] then in Bangalore by BEML through a technology transfer arrangement.[113] These trains consist of four 3.2-metre (10 ft) wide stainless steel lightweight coaches with vestibules permitting movement throughout their length and can carry up to 1500 passengers,[114] with 50 seated and 330 standing passengers per coach.[115] The coaches are fully air conditioned, equipped with automatic doors, microprocessor-controlled brakes and secondary air suspension,[116] and are capable of maintaining an average speed of 32 km/h (20 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[115] The system is extensible up to eight coaches, and platforms have been designed accordingly.[114]

The rolling stock for Phase II is being supplied by Bombardier Transportation, which has received an order for 614 cars worth approximately US$ 1100 million.[117] While initial trains were made in Germany and Sweden, the remainder will be built at Bombardier's factory in Savli, near Vadodara.[118] These trains are a mix of four-car and six-car consists, capable of accommodating 1178 and 1792 commuters per train respectively. The coaches possess several improved features like Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) cameras with eight-hour backup for added security, charging points in all coaches for cell phones and laptops, improved air conditioning to provide a temperature of 25 degrees Celsius even in packed conditions and heaters for winter.[119]

Standard gauge

The standard gauge rolling stock is manufactured by BEML at its factory in Bangalore. The trains are four-car consists with a capacity of 1506 commuters per train,[120] accommodating 50 seated and 292 standing passengers in each coach.[115] These trains will have CCTV cameras in and outside the coaches, power supply connections inside coaches to charge mobiles and laptops, better humidity control, microprocessor-controlled disc brakes,[121] and will be capable of maintaining an average speed of 34 km/h (21 mph) over a distance of 1.1 km (0.68 mi).[115]

Airport Express

Eight 6-car trains supplied by CAF Beasain of Spain were imported.[122] CAF holds 5% equity in the DAME project, Reliance Infrastructure holds the remaining 95%.[57] The trains on this line are entirely different from the existing ones and have in-built noise reduction features for a noise-free ride with padded fabric seats. The coaches are equipped with LCD screens for entertainment of the passengers and also provide flight information for convenience of air travellers. The trains are fitted with an event recorder which can withstand high levels of temperature and impact and the wheels have flange lubrication system for less noise and better riding comfort.[123]

Signalling and telecommunication

Inside a Metro coach.

The Delhi Metro uses cab signalling along with a centralised automatic train control system consisting of automatic train operation, Automatic Train Protection and automatic train signalling modules.[124] A 380 MHz digital trunked TETRA radio communication system from Motorola is used on all 6 lines to carry both voice and data information.[125] For Line 3,4 Siemens Transportation Systems has supplied the electronic interlocking Sicas, the operation control system Vicos OC 500 and the automation control system LZB 700 M.[126] An integrated system comprising optical fibre cable, on-train radio, CCTV, and a centralised clock and public address system is used for telecommunication during train operations as well as emergencies.[127] For Line-1 and Line-2 ALSTOM has supplied signalling system and for line 5,6 Bombardier has supplied signalling system.

Environment and aesthetics

The Delhi Metro has won awards for environmentally friendly practices from organisations including the United Nations,[128] RINA,[129] and the International Organization for Standardization,[129] becoming the second metro in the world, after the New York City Subway, to be ISO 14001 certified for environmentally friendly construction.[130] Most of the Metro stations on the Blue Line conduct rainwater harvesting as an environmental protection measure.[131] It is also the first railway project in the world to earn carbon credits after being registered with the United Nations under the Clean Development Mechanism,[132] and has so far earned 400,000 carbon credits by saving energy through the use of regenerative braking systems on its trains.[133]

The Metro has been promoted as an integral part of community infrastructure, and community artwork depicting the local way of life has been put on display at stations.[134] Students of local art colleges have also designed decorative murals at Metro stations,[135] while pillars of the viaduct on some elevated sections have been decorated with mosaic murals created by local schoolchildren.[136] The Metro station at INA Colony has a gallery showcasing artwork and handicrafts from across India,[137] while all stations on the Central Secretariat – Qutub Minar section of the Yellow Line have panels installed on the monumental architectural heritage of Delhi.[138]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d "DMRC opens Sarita Vihar–Badarpur section". Hindustan Times. 2011-01-14. http://www.hindustantimes.com/DMRC-opens-Sarita-Vihar-Badarpur-section/Article1-650172.aspx. Retrieved 2011-01-14. 
  2. ^ a b "Highest ridership for Metro on Monday". Hindustan Times. 2010-11-16. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Highest-ridership-for-Metro-on-Monday/Article1-627181.aspx. Retrieved 2010-11-18. 
  3. ^ a b c "Delhi Metro Operations Update". Press Release. DMRC. 2010-11-26. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=DxsisLpwLn09clld. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 
  4. ^ Delhi Metro ridership touches 18 lakh, sets new record. India Times. 2 August 2011
  5. ^ http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-10-20/delhi/30302246_1_e-sreedharan-metro-man-dmrc-employee
  6. ^ a b c "DMRC To Induct Two Six-Coach Trains By The End Of This Month On Line-3". Press Release. DMRC. 2010-12-03. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=DiJlX4UgMBMlld. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 
  7. ^ a b "Delhi Metro to add extra coaches". Business Standard. 2010-01-06. http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/delhi-metro-to-add-extra-coaches-to-trains/356346/. Retrieved 2010-01-06. 
  8. ^ a b c "More trains from Dwarka to Noida". The Times of India. 2010-11-27. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/More-trains-from-Dwarka-to-Noida/articleshow/6997744.cms. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 
  9. ^ "Metro starts shift to six-coach trains to boost capacity". Hindustan Times. 2010-09-25. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Metro-starts-shift-to-six-coach-trains-to-boost-capacity/687516/. Retrieved 2010-09-29. 
  10. ^ "Delhi metro's total ridership since 2002 crosses the total population of India". Press Release. Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. 2010-08-23. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=FzMnclfd2o1oMlld. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 
  11. ^ Cities / Delhi : Delhi Metro gets UN certification. The Hindu (2011-09-26). Retrieved on 2011-10-24.
  12. ^ a b Siemiatycki 2006, p. 279
  13. ^ Siemiatycki 2006, pp. 279–280
  14. ^ a b "History of Delhi Metro". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/needformetro/history.aspx. Retrieved 2009-09-17. 
  15. ^ Pucher, John; Nisha Korattyswaroopam, Neenu Ittyerah (2004). "The Crisis of Public Transport in India". Journal of Public Transportation 7 (4): 1–20. http://131.247.19.1/jpt/pdf/JPT%207-4%20Pucher.pdf. Retrieved 2009-09-17. 
  16. ^ "Structure of Delhi Metro". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/needformetro/metro-need.aspx. Retrieved 2009-09-17. 
  17. ^ "Delhi metro rail work begins but without fanfare". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/res/web/pIe/ie/daily/19981002/27550424.html. 
  18. ^ "Delhi Metro showcases public sector success". The Indian Express. 2007-04-13. http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=84775. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  19. ^ "China Business/International Business". MTR. http://www.mtr.com.hk/eng/consultancy/clientlist.html. Retrieved 2011-06-02. 
  20. ^ "Delhi Metro Rail to adopt BG system". The Hindu Business Line. 2000-08-07. http://www.hinduonnet.com/businessline/2000/08/07/stories/140760l1.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  21. ^ "Indian PM launches Delhi metro". BBC News. 2002-12-24. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2602907.stm. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  22. ^ a b "Phase 1 complete, Pragati Maidan now on Metro map". Express India. 2006-10-27. http://cities.expressindia.com/fullstory.php?newsid=206789. Retrieved 2010-04-18. 
  23. ^ Nandini Lakshman (2007-03-19). "The Miracle-Worker of the Delhi Metro". BusinessWeek. http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/07_12/b4026009.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  24. ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2007-09-17). "Delhi Metro confident of meeting deadline". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/17/stories/2007091753860400.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  25. ^ a b "Delhi Metro Phase I and II". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/project_updates.aspx. Retrieved 2010-03-25. 
  26. ^ a b c Sanjay Kapoor (2010-09-04). "Metro:The Complete Picture". Hindustan Times. http://epaper.hindustantimes.com/PUBLICATIONS/HT/HD/2010/09/04/ArticleHtmls/Taken-for-a-ride-feel-commuters-04092010004002.shtml?Mode=1. Retrieved 2010-09-04. 
  27. ^ a b Atul Mathur (2009-09-17). "A swankier, smarter Metro". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-swankier-smarter-Metro/Article1-454767.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-12. 
  28. ^ a b "Delhi Metro crosses new horizons". Hindustan Times. 2010-04-03. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Delhi-Metro-crosses-new-horizons/Article1-526409.aspx. Retrieved 2010-04-04. 
  29. ^ a b c d e "Additional Information". Press Release. DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/PressReleaseDocuments/20/41Additional_Information.doc. Retrieved 2010-10-03. 
  30. ^ a b "On May 3, Metro to cross Yamuna again". The Times of India. 2009-04-24. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/On-May-2-Metro-to-cross-Yamuna-again/articleshow/4441285.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  31. ^ "Prime Minister inaugurates Metro Rail services between Tis Hazari and Shahdara". Press Release. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 2002-12-24. http://pib.nic.in/archieve/lreleng/lyr2002/rdec2002/24122002/r241220027.html. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  32. ^ "Passengers swamp Delhi's new metro". Sydney Morning Herald. 2002-12-27. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2002/12/26/1040511133673.html. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  33. ^ "70,000 travel by Tri Nagar-Tis Hazari Metro rail". The Times of India. 2003-10-05. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/70000-travel-by-Tri-Nagar-Tis-Hazari-Metro-rail/articleshow/216425.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  34. ^ a b c "Metro Station Information". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/station-info.aspx. Retrieved 2009-03-29. 
  35. ^ "A subterranean journey begins". The Times of India. 2004-12-20. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/964370.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  36. ^ "Metro creating a marvel in Walled City". The Hindu. 2004-01-08. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2004/01/08/stories/2004010805490300.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  37. ^ "Technological marvel set to unfold on July 2". The Hindu. 2005-06-29. http://www.hindu.com/2005/06/29/stories/2005062920010300.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  38. ^ "Chhattarpur Metro Station To Become Operational From Tomorrow". DMRC. 2010-08-25. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=IT8bnclZM5cBAlld. Retrieved 2010-09-26. 
  39. ^ "Chattarpur station to open today". The Times of India. 2010-08-26. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Chattarpur-station-to-open-today/articleshow/6435360.cms. Retrieved 2010-09-26. 
  40. ^ "Gurgaon gets a lifeline as CST-Qutub corridor opens". Sify News. 2010-09-04. http://sify.com/news/gurgaon-gets-a-lifeline-as-cst-qutub-corridor-opens-news-national-kjduEhecbaj.html. Retrieved 2010-09-04. 
  41. ^ Nidhi Sharma (2005-06-29). "New Delhi Metro station, your connect with National rail". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/New-Delhi-Metro-station-your-connect-with-National-rail/articleshow/1154950.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  42. ^ "Secretariat to DU in 18 minutes flat". The Hindu. 2005-07-01. http://www.hindu.com/2005/07/01/stories/2005070111420400.htm. Retrieved 2010-03-29. 
  43. ^ a b "Metro enters Noida, set to change travelling habits of people". Daily News and Analysis. 2009-11-12. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_metro-enters-noida-set-to-change-travelling-habits-of-people_1310610. Retrieved 2009-01-12. 
  44. ^ a b "Metro to travel underground and overhead". The Times of India. 2005-12-28. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-to-travel-underground-and-overhead/articleshow/1349130.cms?flstry=1. Retrieved 2010-04-04. 
  45. ^ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (2006-11-12). "Delhi Metro just got bigger and better". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/12/stories/2006111212620100.htm. Retrieved 2010-04-04. 
  46. ^ "Delhi Anand Vihar Metro line opens for public". The Economic Times. 2010-01-07. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/Anand-Vihar-Metro-line-opens-for-public/articleshow/5419382.cms. Retrieved 2010-01-08. 
  47. ^ "Anand Vihar – Vaishali Section To Open For Passenger Services From 14th July 2011". Press Releases (DMRC). 2011-07-13. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=ibd0tm2x1GAlld. 
  48. ^ "Vaishali Metro to kick off on July 14 minus Maya". Times of India. 2011-07-13. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Vaishali-Metro-to-kick-off-on-July-14-minus-Maya/articleshow/9201278.cms. 
  49. ^ "DMRC Extends Metro Services To Dwarka Sector 21 on Line-3". Press Releases (DMRC). 2010-10-30. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=qZpXzaO5CaMlld. Retrieved 2010-10-30. 
  50. ^ "Noida Metro line extended to Dwarka Sec-21". The Hindu. 2010-10-30. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article859532.ece. Retrieved 2010-10-30. 
  51. ^ "40000 Footfalls at Anand Vihar Metro on Day 1". Outlook India. 2010-01-07. http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?672357. Retrieved 2010-04-04. 
  52. ^ "Metro Goes To Mundka On new green line". The Times of India. 2010-04-01. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-Goes-To-Mundka-On-new-green-line/articleshow/5748542.cms. 
  53. ^ "Delhi metro to launch standard-gauge trains in March". Daily News and Analysis. 2010-02-21. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-metro-to-launch-standard-guage-trains-in-march_1350835. Retrieved 2010-04-06. 
  54. ^ "Metro gets first standard gauge depot". The Hindu. 2010-02-23. http://beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article111997.ece. Retrieved 2010-04-06. 
  55. ^ a b "Metro from Central Secretariat to Sarita Vihar too". The Times of India. 2010-10-03. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Metro-from-Central-Secretariat-to-Sarita-Vihar-too-/articleshow/6676959.cms. Retrieved 2010-10-04. 
  56. ^ Megha Suri Singh (2010-08-17). "Hawk-eyed vigil on airport metro line". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Hawk-eyed-vigil-on-airport-metro-lineHEAD/articleshow/6321859.cms. Retrieved 2010-08-17. 
  57. ^ a b "Delhi Airport line contracts finalised". Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles. http://www.caf.net/img/prensa/notprensa/20090602113223railway3_may2009.pdf. 
  58. ^ a b "Airport Express Link: Metro gives a preview". The Indian Express. 2009-11-06. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/airport-express-link-metro-gives-a-preview/537817/0. Retrieved 2010-11-09. 
  59. ^ "Airport Metro misses CWG deadline". NDTV. 2010-10-03. http://www.ndtv.com/article/cities/airport-metro-misses-cwg-deadline-56656. Retrieved 2010-11-09. 
  60. ^ Cities / Delhi : Airport to be 20 minutes from Connaught Place from Wednesday. The Hindu (2011-02-21). Retrieved on 2011-10-24.
  61. ^ 5 Metro Phase-III routes get Cabinet nod. Indian Express (2011-04-12). Retrieved on 2011-10-24.
  62. ^ Govt gives approval for phase III of Delhi Metro – Times Of India. Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com (2011-04-12). Retrieved on 2011-10-24.
  63. ^ a b Delhi Metro`s phase III work to start in November. Zeenews.india.com (2011-09-27). Retrieved on 2011-10-24.
  64. ^ Metro link to Faridabad on track. Hindustantimes. 27 April 2011
  65. ^ Empowered committee gives approval to Metro's phase 3. Hindustantimes. 27 April 2011
  66. ^ Delhi Metro to be extended till Ghaziabad's Mohan Nagar. Sify.com (2011-05-22). Retrieved on 2011-10-24.
  67. ^ New Metro corridor to touch all corners. Hindustan Times (2011-06-04). Retrieved on 2011-10-24.
  68. ^ "A Metro link for Narela Sub City". The Hindu. Jan 29, 2005. http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/29/stories/2005012912850400.htm. 
  69. ^ Gaurav Vivek Bhatnagar (2006-12-25). "Delhi Metro map to cover Greater Noida". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2006/12/25/stories/2006122514830100.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  70. ^ Lalmani Verma (2010-02-10). "Metro’s date with Ghaziabad delayed: now it’s March 2011". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/metros-date-with-ghaziabad-delayed-now-its-march-2011/577962/0. Retrieved 2010-03-25. 
  71. ^ "Ghaziabad to Delhi by Metro Rail". Ghaziabad Development Authority. http://www.gdaghaziabad.com/metro.php#. Retrieved 2010-03-25. 
  72. ^ Megha Suri (2010-01-30). "Pvt metro link to get Central nod soon". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/-Pvt-metro-link-to-get-Central-nod-soon/articleshow/5514881.cms. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 
  73. ^ a b c M.N. Murty; K.K. Dhavala, Meenakshi Ghosh, Rashmi Singh (October 2006). "Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Delhi Metro". New Delhi: Institute of Economic Growth. http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/1658/1/MPRA_paper_1658.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  74. ^ Madhav G. Badami (2009). "Urban Transport Policy as if People and the Environment Mattered: Pedestrian Accessibility the First Step". Economic and Political Weekly 44 (33): 43–51. http://epw.in/epw/uploads/articles/13826.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  75. ^ Siemiatycki 2006, p. 289
  76. ^ a b "Annual Report, 2007–2008". Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/annual_report_2008-09_english.pdf. Retrieved 2010-10-27. 
  77. ^ "Delhi Metro pays back loan to Japanese agency". The Hindu. http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article557992.ece. Retrieved 2010-08-18. 
  78. ^ "Increase in DMRC profit". The Hindu. 2007-09-24. http://www.hindu.com/2007/09/24/stories/2007092457210400.htm. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  79. ^ Amy Yee (2009-11-05). "Delhi's Subway Builder". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/global/2009/0511/026-india-delhi-subway-builder.html. Retrieved 2009-11-24. 
  80. ^ a b Sweta Dutta (2009-12-28). "On silver screen, Metro a symbol of urban Delhi". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/on-silver-screen-metro-a-symbol-of-urban-delhi/560430/0. Retrieved 2010-01-25. 
  81. ^ Garima Sharma (2009-12-28). "Metro Movie". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/entertainment/bollywood/news-interviews/Metro-Movie/articleshow/5384693.cms. Retrieved 2010-01-25. 
  82. ^ "Annual Report, 2007–2008". Delhi Metro Rail Corporation. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/annual_report_2007-08.pdf. Retrieved 2009-11-24. [dead link]
  83. ^ "Measures to Ensure Safe Passage for Metro Train Passengers". Press Release. Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 2010-08-27. http://pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=65407. Retrieved 2010-08-27. 
  84. ^ "Delhi Metro routes now on Google Maps". The Economic Times. 2010-03-05. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/et-cetera/Delhi-Metro-routes-now-on-Google-Maps/articleshow/5644514.cms. Retrieved 2010-03-11. 
  85. ^ "Women get exclusive coach in Delhi Metro". Hindustan Times. 2010-10-02. http://www.hindustantimes.com/Women-get-exclusive-coach-in-Delhi-Metro/H1-Article1-607431.aspx. Retrieved 2010-10-02. 
  86. ^ "CISF to take over Delhi Metro security". The Times of India. 2007-03-07. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1730990.cms. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
  87. ^ "Delhi metro parking areas to be bought under CCTV cameras". Daily News and Analysis. 2010-03-21. http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_delhi-metro-parking-areas-to-be-bought-under-cctv-cameras_1361509. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
  88. ^ Megha Suri Singh (2010-03-30). "Moscow blasts put Metro security in alert mode". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5740559.cms. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
  89. ^ "Commuters Guide to Security on Delhi Metro". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/commuters_guide/pdf/security_english.pdf. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
  90. ^ "Mock drills at 4 Metro stations". The Times of India. 2010-03-26. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Mock-drills-at-4-Metro-stations/articleshow/5724920.cms. Retrieved 2010-04-15. 
  91. ^ a b c "Route & fare". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/metro-fares.aspx. Retrieved 2010-09-22. 
  92. ^ "Common tickets for DTC, Metro by 2011". Sify Technologies. 2010-03-26. http://sify.com/finance/common-tickets-for-dtc-metro-by-2011-jaipal-reddy-news-default-kd0uOedhfag.html. 
  93. ^ "10 % Discount on Metro SMART CARDS". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/commuters/whats_new.html#metrocards. [dead link]
  94. ^ a b Sweta Dutta (2009-11-16). "Widening reach, Metro looks at ways to ease rush". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/widening-reach-metro-looks-at-ways-to-ease-rush/542010/0. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 
  95. ^ Atul Mathur (2009-11-19). "Crowded stations, slow trains". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Crowded-stations-slow-trains/Article1-477845.aspx. Retrieved 2009-11-21. 
  96. ^ Atul Mathur (2009-12-08). "Feeder service or the lack of it". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/Feeder-service-or-the-lack-of-it/Article1-484059.aspx. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  97. ^ "Parking, feeder bus woes on Metro's Noida line". India Today. 2009-11-12. http://indiatoday.intoday.in/site/Story/70508/LATEST%20NEWS/Parking,+feeder+bus+woes+on+Metro%C3%A2%E2%82%AC%E2%84%A2s+Noida+line.html. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  98. ^ Vatsala Shrangi (2010-12-07). "Many compelled to miss classes ahead of crucial exams". Mid-day. http://www.mid-day.com/news/2010/dec/071210-News-Delhi-Metro-traffic-miss-classes-crucial-exams.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-07. 
  99. ^ "Another Metro ridership record of 20L on Friday". Times of India. 2011-08-13. http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-08-13/delhi/29884105_1_noida-city-centre-e-sreedharan-ridership/. Retrieved 2011-08-13. 
  100. ^ "Delhi Metro Carries 1.8 Million (18 Lakh) Passengers For the First Time Ever". DMRC Press Releases. 2011-08-02. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/press_reldetails.aspx?id=dBh7VKiycVwlld/. Retrieved 2011-08-13. 
  101. ^ "Delhi Metro bridge collapses; 1 dead". CNN-IBN (IBN Live). 2008-10-19. http://www.ibnlive.com/news/delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-1-dead--your-say--pics/76209-3.html?from=rssfeed. Retrieved 2008-10-19. 
  102. ^ "A chronology of Delhi Metro accidents". Indo-Asian News Service (Hindustan Times Online). 2009-07-12. http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=5c45c17b-12b7-4ae9-95ae-f78927740f10&Headline=A+chronology+of+Delhi+Metro+accidents. Retrieved 2009-07-12. 
  103. ^ Megha Suri (2009-07-14). "Day 2: 3 cranes fall, Metro image takes beating". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/NEWS-City-Delhi-Day-2-3-cranes-fall-Metro-image-takes-beating/articleshow/4774296.cms. Retrieved 2010-01-06. 
  104. ^ "Labourer dies at Delhi Metro construction site". Central Chronicle. 2009-07-22. http://www.centralchronicle.com/viewnews.asp?articleID=10567. Retrieved 2010-04-22. 
  105. ^ Atul Mathur (2009-12-07). "City's nightmare on wheels". Hindustan Times. http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/City-s-nightmare-on-wheels/Article1-483710.aspx. Retrieved 2009-12-08. 
  106. ^ Reuters – Hyundai Rotem gets $310m order to supply trains. In.reuters.com. Retrieved on 2011-10-24.
  107. ^ "Delhi Metro gets standard gauge train". The Hindu Business Line. 2009-03-18. http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2009/03/18/stories/2009031850811500.htm. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 
  108. ^ Sweta Dutta (2009-05-13). "Eight depots for Metro as it chugs along ever-widening network". The Indian Express. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Eight-depots-for-Metro-as-it-chugs-along-ever-widening-network/458341/. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  109. ^ "Delhi Metro, India". railway-technology.com. http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/delhi/. 
  110. ^ "Metro gets first standard gauge depot". The Hindu. 2010-02-23. http://beta.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/article111997.ece. Retrieved 2010-07-28. 
  111. ^ "Delhi Metro constructs Asia's highest train washing plant". The Economic Times. 2010-04-25. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/5855991.cms. Retrieved 2010-07-28. 
  112. ^ "Delhi Metro, India – Key Data". railway-technology.com. http://www.railway-technology.com/projects/delhi/. 
  113. ^ P. Manoj (2005-08-25). "BEML to rake in big money from proposed metro projects". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2005/08/25/stories/2005082504340500.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  114. ^ a b "Second Metro rail arrives in Delhi". The Times of India. 2002-10-15. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/25298669.cms. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  115. ^ a b c d "Rolling Stock: Ensuring Passenger Comfort, Safety and Reliability". DMRC. http://www.delhimetrorail.com/OtherDocuments/metro_museum/images/7.jpg. Retrieved 2010-09-27. 
  116. ^ "Metro Rail gets first train". The Hindu. 2002-07-27. http://www.hinduonnet.com/2002/07/27/stories/2002072703730400.htm. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  117. ^ "Bombardier to Deliver Further 76 MOVIA Metro Cars to Delhi Metro from Savli India Site". Press Release. Bombardier. 2011-09-05. http://www.bombardier.com/en/transportation/media-centre/press-releases/details?docID=0901260d8019ab49. Retrieved 2011-11-03. 
  118. ^ "Bombardier to supply coaches to Delhi Metro". projectsmonitor.com. http://www.projectsmonitor.com/detailnews.asp?newsid=14183. 
  119. ^ "Metro to get swankier, bigger coaches". The Times of India. 2009-09-17. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/city/delhi/Metro-to-get-swankier-bigger-coaches/articleshow/5019847.cms. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  120. ^ "BEML delivers India's 1st standard gauge metro car". The Economic Times. 2009-09-11. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/4999078.cms. Retrieved 2009-09-26. 
  121. ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2009-07-30). "Trial run begins on first standard gauge Metro line". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2009/07/30/stories/2009073055731200.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-26. 
  122. ^ "Airport line handed over to Reliance Infra". Indian Express. 2010-05-20. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/airport-line-handed-over-to-reliance-infra/621131/0. Retrieved 2010-06-05. 
  123. ^ "Delhi Metro to reserve coach for women from October 2". The Times of India. 2010-09-26. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Delhi-Metro-to-reserve-coach-for-women-from-October-2/articleshow/6629919.cms. Retrieved 2010-09-27. 
  124. ^ "Technical Notes: Signalling". DMRC. Archived from the original on 2008-03-12. http://web.archive.org/web/20080312053117/www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/technicalnotes/tn_signalling.html. Retrieved 2009-11-23. 
  125. ^ "Delhi Metro Railway Corporation, India". Motorola Electronics. http://www.motorola.com/staticfiles/Business/Products/_Documents/Case%20Studies/staticfile/TETRA_Transportation_India_Delhi_Metro_Railway_Corporation.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-03. 
  126. ^ "Metro Line 3, New Delhi, India". Siemens AG. http://references.transportation.siemens.com/refdb/showReference.do?r=1881&div=2&l=en. Retrieved 2008-07-06. 
  127. ^ "Technical Notes: Telecommunication". DMRC. Archived from the original on 2007-12-26. http://web.archive.org/web/20071226184202/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/technicalnotes/tn_telecom.html. Retrieved 2009-11-23. 
  128. ^ "Delhi Metro gets UN certificate for preventing carbon emission". The Times of India. 2009-02-22. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Cities/Delhi-Metro-gets-UN-certificate/articleshow/4169221.cms. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  129. ^ a b "Delhi Metro gets OHSAS 18001". DMRC. Archived from the original on 2008-06-07. http://web.archive.org/web/20080607074341/http://www.delhimetrorail.com/corporates/ecofriendly/ohsas18001.html. Retrieved 2009-09-10. 
  130. ^ "Delhi Metro Receives ISO 14001 For Eco-friendly Systems". Press Release. USAID. 2002-12-24. http://www.usaid.gov/in/newsroom/press_releases/dec24_2.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-27. 
  131. ^ "Delhi Metro shows the way with water harvesting units". The Times of India. 2005-09-26. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/1242306.cms. Retrieved 2010-09-27. 
  132. ^ "Delhi Metro is first rail project to earn carbon credits". The Economic Times. 2008-01-05. http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/news-by-industry/transportation/railways/Delhi-Metro-is-first-rail-project-to-earn-carbon-credits/articleshow/2676012.cms. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 
  133. ^ Neha Sinha (2009-12-20). "Delhi Metro on track to earn carbon credits". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/delhi-metro-on-track-to-earn-carbon-credits/556699/. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 
  134. ^ Siemiatycki 2006, p. 284
  135. ^ Anuradha Mukherjee (2002-12-13). "Vibrant murals bring cheer". The Times of India. http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Vibrant-murals-bring-cheer/articleshow/31101558.cms. Retrieved 2009-11-30. 
  136. ^ Preeti Jha (2007-10-10). "Murals by Salwan Public School students decorate Metro pillars on Pusa Road". The Indian Express. http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/murals-by-salwan-public-school-students-decorate-metro-pillars-on-pusa-road/226660/. Retrieved 2010-02-02. 
  137. ^ "At INA Metro station, a gallery for traditional art, crafts". Indian Express. 2010-09-02. http://www.indianexpress.com/news/at-ina-metro-station-a-gallery-for-traditional-art-crafts/676125/0. Retrieved 2010-09-21. 
  138. ^ Smriti Kak Ramachandran (2010-09-02). "Delhi metro gets a handicrafts gallery". The Hindu. http://www.hindu.com/2010/09/02/stories/2010090252320200.htm. Retrieved 2010-09-21. 

References

Further reading

External links

v · d · eRapid Rail Transit in India
Metro
In operation
Under Construction
Chennai Metro  · Hyderabad Metro  · Jaipur Metro  · Kochi Metro  · Mumbai Metro  · Navi Mumbai Metro  · RMRG (Gurgaon)
Planned
Bhopal Metro  · Indore Metro  · Kanpur Metro  · Ludhiana Metro  · Lucknow Metro  · MEGA (Gandhinagar & Ahmedabad)  · Pune Metro  · Patna Metro
Monorail
Under Construction
Planned
Ahmedabad Monorail  · Bangalore Monorail · Chennai Monorail  · Delhi Monorail  · Indore Monorail  · Kolkata Monorail  · Navi Mumbai Monorail  · Patna Monorail  · Pune Monorail  · Trivandrum Monorail
Elevated Rail
In operation


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно сделать НИР?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Delhi Metro — Station der Metro Delhi Die Metro Delhi (hindi:दिल्ली मैट्रो, Dillī Meṭro), auch Delhi Mass Rapid Transit System (DMRTS) genannt, ist das U Bahn System von Indiens zweitgrößter Metropole Delhi. Betreiber dieses Nahverkehrssystems ist die Delhi… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Delhi Aerocity (Delhi Metro) — Delhi Aerocity दिल्ली एरोसिटी Delhi Metro station …   Wikipedia

  • List of Delhi metro stations — Delhi Metro network map This is a List of stations of the Delhi Metro (Hindi: दिल्ली मेट्रो), a rapid transit system serving Delhi and its satellite cities in the National Capital Region of India. As of August 27, 2011 there are 146 Metro… …   Wikipedia

  • Chhatarpur (Delhi Metro) — Chhatarpur छत्तरपुर Delhi Metro station Station statistics …   Wikipedia

  • Chawri Bazar (Delhi Metro) — Chawri Bazar चावड़ी बाज़ार Delhi Metro station Station statistics …   Wikipedia

  • Dwarka Sector 21 (Delhi Metro) — Dwarka Sector 21 द्वारका सेक्टर २१ Delhi Metro station …   Wikipedia

  • Mundka (Delhi Metro) — Mundka मुन्द्का Delhi Metro station Station statistics …   Wikipedia

  • Nangloi (Delhi Metro) — Nangloi नांगलोई Delhi Metro station Station statistics …   Wikipedia

  • Nangloi Railway station (Delhi Metro) — Nangloi Railway station नांगलोई रेलवे स्टेशन Delhi Metro station Station statistics …   Wikipedia

  • New Delhi (Delhi Metro) — New Delhi नई दिल्ली Delhi Metro station Station statistics …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
… Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”