Black Hills Expedition (1874)

Gold miners in the Black Hills. The gold rushes that resulted from Custer's discoveries antagonised the Sioux Indians and provoked the war in which Custer was to lose his life.

The Black Hills Expedition was a United States Army expedition in 1874 led by Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer that set out on July 2, 1874 from modern day Bismarck, North Dakota, which was then Fort Abraham Lincoln in the Dakota Territory, with orders to travel to the previously uncharted Black Hills of South Dakota. Its mission was to look for suitable locations for a fort, find a route to the southwest, and to investigate the possibility of gold mining.^[1] Custer and his unit, the 7th Cavalry, arrived in the Black Hills on July 22, 1874, with orders to return by August 30. The expedition set up a camp at the site of the future town of Custer; while Custer and the military units searched for a suitable location for a fort, civilians searched for gold, and found clear evidence in a creek near the camp. This prompted a mass gold rush which in turn antagonised the Sioux Indians who had been promised the land (which they saw as sacred) by the US government,^[2] and who were later to kill Custer at the Battle of the Little Big Horn when their antagonism erupted into the Great Sioux War of 1876-77 between themselves and the United States.^[1]

The entire expedition was photographed by William H. Illingworth, an English photographer who accompanied Custer after selection by the then-Captain William Ludlow. Ludlow, the engineer for the expedition, financed Illingworth's photography and paid him $30 per month to provide photographic plates for the US Army, of which he made 70 in all.

Expedition

Embarking for the Black Hills

Custer embarked on his expedition with 1000-1200 men, in 110 wagons with numerous horses and cattle of the 7th cavalry, along with artillery and two months food supply.^[1][3] The expedition also took a number of Native American scouts led by Bloody Knife and Lean Bear.^[4] At the time, the Black Hills were relatively unknown, with few white expeditions ever returning from them^[1] The commander of Custer's engineering corps, Captain Hardy, assured him that he had heard of them and had them marked on his maps, but had never entered them during his earlier expeditions. En route to the Black Hills, Custer's party managed to locate the track of Hardy's group when they spotted two lines of sunflowers that had grown along the ruts of his passing wagons.^[3]

Custer and his force entered the Black Hills from the north, travelling south at a slow pace of no more than four or five miles a day on some occasions.^[3] On July 31, 1874, the wagon train reached Harney Peak, and Custer together with Ludlow took three or four men to climb it.^[5] In the mean time, the rest of the expedition made camp at the mountain's base at the newly-named Custer Park.^[6] While the majority of the force remained there, Custer took a small unit with him to locate a suitable site for a new fort. By August 2, 1874 this force had reached a point eight and a half miles south-east of the mountain,^[7] to a location they named Agnes Park,^[8] having had a number of peaceful encounters with native American settlements.^[9] On August 7 Custer shot and killed a grizzly bear, forever claiming this to be his greatest achievement as a hunter.^[8]

Discovery of gold

The bear Custer shot and later said to be his greatest hunting achievement

Throughout the expedition, civilian experts who accompanied the expedition located traces of gold in the rivers. The first discovery goes uncredited, however an undated diary entry by William McKay, a miner accompanying the expedition, notes that while camping at the newly named Custer Park, "In the evening I took a pan, pick and shovel, and went out prospecting. The first panful was taken from the gravel and sand obtained in the bed of the creek; and on washing was found to contain from one and a half to two cents, which was the first gold found in the Black Hills."^[10] A significant discovery was made on August 1 when tests of the soil by the French Creek determined that a miner could earn as much as $150 per day mining in the Black Hills.^[8] Custer wrote in a letter of August 15, 1874 to the Assistant Adjuntant General of the Department of Dakota that "there is no doubt as to the existence of various metals throughout the hills."^[11] His messages were carried by scout Charley Reynolds to Fort Laramie, and from there it was telegraphed to the press eastwards.^[12]

There is no doubt as to the existence of various metals throughout the hills. As this subject has received the special attention of experts who accompanied the expedition, and will be reported unpo in detail, I will only mention the fact that iron and plumbago have been found and beds of gypsum of apparently inexahustible extent. I referred in a former dispatch to the discovery of gold. Subsequent examinations at numerous points confirm and strengthen the fact of the existence of gold in the Black Hills

– Custer, a letter to the Assistant Adjuntant General of Dakota, August 15, 1874, Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890, Peter Cozzens, page 166.

The force remained there at Agnes Park until August 15 whereupon it turned around to return to Fort Lincoln.^[6] The expedition returned on August 30, with the scouts returned to their reservations on September 10.^[13] In total, Custer and his forces had travelled for 60 days over 883 miles.^[14]

Organization of the 7th Cavalry

The table of organisation for the 7th Cavalry for the Black Hills Expedition of 1874 was as follows.^[15]

• Field and staff
  • Lt. Colonel George Armstrong Custer
  • Lt. Colonel Frederick D. Grant, 4th cavalry and acting aide
  • Major George A. Forsyth, 9th cavalry commander
  • First Lieutenant James Calhoun, adjutant
  • First Lieutenant Algernon E. Smith, quartermaster
  • Second Lieutenant George D. Wallace, commander of the Indian scouts

Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer, 7th U.S. Cavalry, ca. 1875

• Cavalry companies
  • Company A - Captain Myles Moylan and Second Lieutenant Charles Varnum
  • Company B - First Lieutenant Benjamin H. Hodgeson
  • Company C - Captain Verlin Hart and Second Lieutenant Henry M. Harrington
  • Company E - First Lieutenant M. McDougall
  • Company F - Captain George W. Yates
  • Company G - First Lieutenant Donald McIntosh
  • Company H - Captain Frederick W. Benteen and First Lieutenant Francis M. Gibson
  • Company K - Captain Owen Hale and First Lieutenant Edward S. Godfrey
  • Company L - First Lieutenant Thomas W. Custer
  • Company M - Captain Thomas French and First Lieutenant Edward Gustave Mathey

Wahktageli ("Coward Warrior"), a Yankton Sioux chief (by Karl Bodmer)

• Medical staff
  • Dr. John W. Williams, chief medical officer
  • Dr. S. J. Allen, Jr. assistant surgeon
  • Dr. A. C. Bergen, assistant surgeon

• Engineering
  • Captain William Ludlow, chief engineer
  • W. H. Wood, civilian assistant

• Mining detachment
  • Horatio Nelson Ross
  • William McKay

• Scientist
  • George Bird Grinnell
  • Newton H. Winchell
  • A. B. Donaldson
  • Luther North

• Photographer
  • William H. Illingworth

• Correspondents
  • William E. Curtis, Chicago Inter-Ocean
  • Samuel J. Barrows, New York Tribune
  • Nathan H. Knappen, Bismarck Tribune

Notes

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Overview and History of the 1874 Black Hills at Custer's Trail retrieved March 4, 2008
2. ^ Black Hills of Dakota at Spartacus Online retrieved March 4, 2008
3. ^ ^{a b c} Cozzens, p. 176.
4. ^ Cozzen, p. 179.
5. ^ Cozzens, p. 177.
6. ^ ^{a b} Cozzens, p. 164.
7. ^ Cozzens, p. 159.
8. ^ ^{a b c} Hatch, p. 147.
9. ^ Cozzens, p. 159-161.
10. ^ Hatch, p. 146.
11. ^ Cozzens, p. 166.
12. ^ Hutton, p. 168.
13. ^ Cozzens, p. 167.
14. ^ Hatch, p. 148.
15. ^ Hatch, p. 149.

References

Printed sources:

• Cozzens, P. Eyewitnesses to the Indian Wars, 1865-1890 (Stackpole Books, 2004) ISBN 0811700801
• Hatch, T. The Custer Companion: A Comprehensive Guide to the Life of George Armstrong Custer (Stackpole Books, 2002) ISBN 0811704777
• Hutton, P. A. Phil Sheridan and His Army (University of Oklahoma, 1999) ISBN 0806131888

Websites:

• Overview and History of the 1874 Black Hills at Custer's Trail
• Black Hills of Dakota at Spartacus Online