Crystal base

In algebra, a crystal base or canonical base is a base of a representation, such that generators of a quantum group or semisimple Lie algebra have a particularly simple action on it. Crystal bases were introduced by Kashiwara (1990) and Lusztig (1990) (under the name of canonical bases).

Definition

As a consequence of the defining relations for the quantum group U_q(G), U_q(G) can be regarded as a Hopf algebra over ${\Bbb Q}(q)$, the field of all rational functions of an indeterminate q over $\Bbb Q$.

For simple root α_i and non-negative integer n, define $e_i^{(n)} = e_i^n/[n]_{q_i}!$ and $f_i^{(n)} = f_i^n/[n]_{q_i}!$ (specifically, $e_i^{(0)} = f_i^{(0)} = 1$). In an integrable module M, and for weight λ, a vector $u \in M_{\lambda}$ (i.e. a vector u in M with weight λ) can be uniquely decomposed into the sums

• $u = \sum_{n=0}^\infty f_i^{(n)} u_n = \sum_{n=0}^\infty e_i^{(n)} v_n,$

where $u_n \in \mathrm{ker}(e_i) \cap M_{\lambda + n \alpha_i}$, $v_n \in \mathrm{ker}(f_i) \cap M_{\lambda - n \alpha_i}$, $u_n \ne 0$ only if $n + \frac{2 (\lambda,\alpha_i)}{(\alpha_i,\alpha_i)} \ge 0$, and $v_n \ne 0$ only if $n - \frac{2 (\lambda,\alpha_i)}{(\alpha_i,\alpha_i)} \ge 0$. Linear mappings $\tilde{e}_i : M \to M$ and $\tilde{f}_i : M \to M$ can be defined on M_λ by

• $\tilde{e}_i u = \sum_{n=1}^\infty f_i^{(n-1)} u_n = \sum_{n=0}^\infty e_i^{(n+1)} v_n,$

• $\tilde{f}_i u = \sum_{n=0}^\infty f_i^{(n+1)} u_n = \sum_{n=1}^\infty e_i^{(n-1)}. v_n$

Let A be the integral domain of all rational functions in ${\Bbb Q}(q)$ which are regular at q = 0 (i.e. a rational function f(q) is an element of A if and only if there exist polynomials g(q) and h(q) in the polynomial ring ${\Bbb Q}[q]$ such that $h(0) \ne 0$, and f(q) = g(q) / h(q)). A crystal base for M is an ordered pair (L,B), such that

• L is a free A-submodule of M such that $M = {\Bbb Q}(q) \otimes_A L;$

• B is a $\Bbb Q$-basis of the vector space L / qL over $\Bbb Q,$

• $L = \oplus_{\lambda} L_{\lambda}$ and $B = \sqcup_{\lambda} B_{\lambda}$, where $L_{\lambda} = L \cap M_{\lambda}$ and $B_{\lambda} = B \cap (L_{\lambda}/qL_{\lambda}),$

• $\tilde{e}_i L \subset L$ and $\tilde{f}_i L \subset L \text{ for all } i ,$

• $\tilde{e}_i B \subset B \cup \{0\}$ and $\tilde{f}_i B \subset B \cup \{0\}\text{ for all } i,$

• $\text{for all }b \in B\text{ and }b' \in B,\text{ and for all }i,\quad\tilde{e}_i b = b'\text{ if and only if }\tilde{f}_i b' = b.$

To put this into a more informal setting, the actions of e_if_i and f_ie_i are generally singular at q = 0 on an integrable module M. The linear mappings $\tilde{e}_i$ and $\tilde{f}_i$ on the module are introduced so that the actions of $\tilde{e}_i \tilde{f}_i$ and $\tilde{f}_i \tilde{e}_i$ are regular at q = 0 on the module. There exists a ${\Bbb Q}(q)$-basis of weight vectors $\tilde{B}$ for M, with respect to which the actions of $\tilde{e}_i$ and $\tilde{f}_i$ are regular at q = 0 for all i. The module is then restricted to the free A-module generated by the basis, and the basis vectors, the A-submodule and the actions of $\tilde{e}_i$ and $\tilde{f}_i$ are evaluated at q = 0. Furthermore, the basis can be chosen such that at q = 0, for all i, $\tilde{e}_i$ and $\tilde{f}_i$ are represented by mutual transposes, and map basis vectors to basis vectors or 0.

A crystal base can be represented by a directed graph with labelled edges. Each vertex of the graph represents an element of the $\Bbb Q$-basis B of L / qL, and a directed edge, labelled by i, and directed from vertex v₁ to vertex v₂, represents that $b_2 = \tilde{f}_i b_1$ (and, equivalently, that $b_1 = \tilde{e}_i b_2$), where b₁ is the basis element represented by v₁, and b₂ is the basis element represented by v₂. The graph completely determines the actions of $\tilde{e}_i$ and $\tilde{f}_i$ at q = 0. If an integrable module has a crystal base, then the module is irreducible if and only if the graph representing the crystal base is connected (a graph is called "connected" if the set of vertices cannot be partitioned into the union of nontrivial disjoint subsets V₁ and V₂ such that there are no edges joining any vertex in V₁ to any vertex in V₂).

For any integrable module with a crystal base, the weight spectrum for the crystal base is the same as the weight spectrum for the module, and therefore the weight spectrum for the crystal base is the same as the weight spectrum for the corresponding module of the appropriate Kac–Moody algebra. The multiplicities of the weights in the crystal base are also the same as their multiplicities in the corresponding module of the appropriate Kac–Moody algebra.

It is a theorem of Kashiwara that every integrable highest weight module has a crystal base. Similarly, every integrable lowest weight module has a crystal base.

Tensor products of crystal bases

Let M be an integrable module with crystal base (L,B) and M' be an integrable module with crystal base (L',B'). For crystal bases, the coproduct Δ, given by $\Delta(k_{\lambda}) = k_{\lambda} \otimes k_{\lambda},\ \Delta(e_i) = e_i \otimes k_i^{-1} + 1 \otimes e_i,\ \Delta(f_i) = f_i \otimes 1 + k_i \otimes f_i$, is adopted. The integrable module $M \otimes_{{\Bbb Q}(q)} M'$ has crystal base $(L \otimes_A L',B \otimes B')$, where $B \otimes B' = \{ b \otimes_{\Bbb Q} b' : b \in B,\ b' \in B' \}$. For a basis vector $b \in B$, define $\epsilon_i(b) = \max\{ n \ge 0 : \tilde{e}_i^n b \ne 0 \}$ and $\phi_i(b) = \max\{ n \ge 0 : \tilde{f}_i^n b \ne 0 \}$. The actions of $\tilde{e}_i$ and $\tilde{f}_i$ on $b \otimes b'$ are given by

• $\tilde{e}_i (b \otimes b') = \begin{cases} \tilde{e}_i b \otimes b', & \text{if }\phi_i(b) \ge \epsilon_i(b'), \\ b \otimes \tilde{e}_i b', & \text{if }\phi_i(b) < \epsilon_i(b'), \end{cases}$

• $\tilde{f}_i (b \otimes b') = \begin{cases} \tilde{f}_i b \otimes b', & \text{if }\phi_i(b) > \epsilon_i(b'), \\ b \otimes \tilde{f}_i b', & \text{if }\phi_i(b) \le \epsilon_i(b'). \end{cases}$

The decomposition of the product two integrable highest weight modules into irreducible submodules is determined by the decomposition of the graph of the crystal base into its connected components (i.e. the highest weights of the submodules are determined, and the multiplicity of each highest weight is determined).

References

• Jantzen, Jens Carsten (1996), Lectures on quantum groups, Graduate Studies in Mathematics, 6, Providence, R.I.: American Mathematical Society, ISBN 978-0-8218-0478-0, MR1359532, http://books.google.com/books?id=uOGqPjjVt0AC 
• Kashiwara, Masaki (1990), "Crystalizing the q-analogue of universal enveloping algebras", Communications in Mathematical Physics 133 (2): 249–260, ISSN 0010-3616, MR1090425, http://projecteuclid.org/getRecord?id=euclid.cmp/1104201397 
• Lusztig, G. (1990), "Canonical bases arising from quantized enveloping algebras", Journal of the American Mathematical Society 3 (2): 447–498, doi:10.2307/1990961, ISSN 0894-0347, MR1035415 

External links

• Crystal basis in ncatlab