Person-centered therapy

Person-centered therapy
Intervention
MeSH	D009629

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Person-centered therapy (PCT) is also known as person-centered psychotherapy, person-centered counseling, client-centered therapy and Rogerian psychotherapy. PCT is a form of talk-psychotherapy developed by psychologist Carl Rogers in the 1940s and 1950s. In this technique, therapists create a comfortable, non-judgmental environment by demonstrating congruence (genuineness), empathy, and unconditional positive regard toward their patients while using a non-directive approach. This aids patients in finding their own solutions to their problems.^[1]

Although this technique has been criticized by behaviorists for lacking structure and by psychoanalysts for actually providing a conditional relationship ^[2] it has proven to be a vastly effective and popular treatment. ^{[3] [4][5][6]}

History and influences

Person-centred therapy, now considered a founding work in the humanistic school of psychotherapies, began formally with Carl Rogers.^[7] "Rogerian" psychotherapy is identified as one of the major school groups, along with psychodynamic, psychoanalytic (most famously Sigmund Freud), Adlerian, Cognitive-behavioral therapy, and Existential therapy (such as that pioneered by Rollo May).^[8]

Others^[who?] acknowledge Rogers' broad influence on approach, while naming a humanistic or humanistic-existentialist school group; there is large debate ^[9] over what constitute major schools and cross-influences with more tangential candidates such as feminist, Gestalt, British school, self psychology, interpersonal, family systems, integrative, systemic and communicative, with several historical influences seeding them such as object-relations.^{[citation needed]}

Rogers affirmed ^[7] individual personal experience as the basis and standard for living and therapeutic effect. Rogers identified 6 conditions which are needed to produce personality changes in clients: relationship, vulnerability to anxiety (on the part of the client), genuineness (the therapist is truly himself or herself and incorporates some self-disclosure), the client's perception of the therapist's genuineness, the therapist's unconditional positive regard for the client, and accurate empathy.^[10] This emphasis contrasts with the dispassionate position which may be intended in other therapies, particularly the more extreme behavioral therapies. Living in the present rather than the past or future, with organismic trust, naturalistic faith in your own thoughts and the accuracy in your feelings, and a responsible acknowledgment of your freedom, with a view toward participating fully in our world, contributing to other peoples' lives, are hallmarks of Roger's Person-centred therapy.

Core concepts

Rogers (1957; 1959) stated ^[10] that there are six necessary and sufficient conditions required for therapeutic change:

1. Therapist-Client Psychological Contact: a relationship between client and therapist must exist, and it must be a relationship in which each person's perception of the other is important.
2. Client incongruence, or Vulnerability: that incongruence exists between the client's experience and awareness. Furthermore, the client is vulnerable to anxiety which motivates them to stay in the relationship.
3. Therapist Congruence, or Genuineness: the therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship. The therapist is deeply involved him or herself - they are not "acting" - and they can draw on their own experiences (self-disclosure) to facilitate the relationship.
4. Therapist Unconditional Positive Regard (UPR): the therapist accepts the client unconditionally, without judgment, disapproval or approval. This facilitates increased self-regard in the client, as they can begin to become aware of experiences in which their view of self-worth was distorted by others.
5. Therapist Empathic understanding: the therapist experiences an empathic understanding of the client's internal frame of reference. Accurate empathy on the part of the therapist helps the client believe the therapist's unconditional love for them.
6. Client Perception: that the client perceives, to at least a minimal degree, the therapist's UPR and empathic understanding.

See also

• Humanistic psychology
• Cognitivism (psychology)
• Critical psychology
• Human potential movement
• ELIZA

References

1. ^ [1]
2. ^ Prochaska, J. O., & Norcross, J. C. (2007). Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis, Sixth Edition. Belmont, CA: Thompson Brooks/Cole.
3. ^ Cooper, M., Watson, J. C., & Hoeldampf, D. (2010). Person-centered and experiential therapies work: A review of the research on counseling, psychotherapy and related practices. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.
4. ^ Ward, E., King, M., Lloyd, M., Bower, P., Sibbald, B., Farrelly, S., et al. (2000). Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. I: Clinical effectiveness. British Medical Journal, 321, 1383-1388.
5. ^ Bower, P., Byford, S., Sibbald, B., Ward, E., King, M., Lloyd, R., et al. (2000). Randomised controlled trial of non-directive counselling, cognitive-behaviour therapy, and usual general practitioner care for patients with depression. II: Cost effectiveness. British Medical Journal, 321, 1389-1392.
6. ^ Shechtman, Z., Pastor, R., 2005. Cognitive-behavioural and humanistic group treatment for children with learning disabilities: A comparison of outcomes and process. Journal of Counseling Psychology 52, 322-336.
7. ^ ^{a b} Prochaska, J.O & Norcross, J.C. 2007. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis. Thompson Books/Cole:New York, p.138
8. ^ Prochaska, J.O & Norcross, J.C. 2007. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis. Thompson Books/Cole:New York, p.3
9. ^ Prochaska, J.O & Norcross, J.C. 2007. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis. Thompson Books/Cole:New York, p.2
10. ^ ^{a b} Prochaska, J.O & Norcross, J.C. 2007. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis. Thompson Books/Cole:New York, p. 142-143

• Bruno, Frank J. (1977). Client-Centered Counseling: Becoming a Person. In Human Adjustment and Personal Growth: Seven Pathways, pp. 362–370. John Wiley & Sons.
• Cooper, M., O'Hara, M, Schmid, P., and Wyatt, G. (2007). The Handbook of person-centered psychotherapy and counseling. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
• Rogers, Carl (1961). On Becoming a Person ISBN 0-395-75531-X
• Rogers, C. (1957) ‘The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change’, Journal of Consulting Psychology, 21 (2): 95-103
• Rogers, Carl. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York: McGraw Hill.
• Rogers, Carl (1980). A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin
• Poyrazli, S. (2003, March). Validity of Rogerian Therapy in Turkish Culture: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development, 42(1), 107-115. Retrieved October 7, 2008, from PsycINFO database.
• Prochaska, J.O & Norcross, J.C. 2007. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis. Thompson Books/Cole:New York.

External links

• World Association for Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapy and Counseling
• The Person-Centered Website
• http://counsellingresource.com/types/person-centred/
• The Carl Rogers Bibliography Online
• Person-Centred Bibliography
• Person-Centered Bibliography in French
• Association for Person Centred Therapy Scotland
• The Association for the Development of the Person Centered Approach
• Network of the European Associations for Person-Centred and Experiential Psychotherapy and Counselling
• The British Association for the Person Centred Approach