Hybrid taxi

New York City hybrid taxicab - Toyota Prius.

Hybrid taxi or hybrid electric taxi is a taxicab service provided with a hybrid electric car (HEV), which combines a conventional internal combustion engine propulsion system with an electric propulsion system.

In 2000 North America's first hybrid taxi was put into service in Vancouver, British Columbia, operating a 2001 Toyota Prius which traveled over 332,000 kilometres (206,000 mi) before being retired.^[1][2] Several major cities in the world are adding hybrid taxis to their taxicab fleets, led by San Francisco where hybrid represent almost 50% of its taxicab fleet by March 2010,^[3] and New York City where hybrids taxis represent 33% of the total fleet by early 2011.^[4] Unlike conventional gasoline cars, hybrids get better fuel economy, do well at slow speeds or idling, and have cleaner emissions.^[5]

Hybrid taxis by city

San Francisco

Ford Escape Hybrid taxi in San Francisco.

San Francisco became in 2005 one of the first cities to introduce hybrids for taxi service, with a fleet of 15 Ford Escape Hybrids, and by 2009 the original Escape Hybrids were retired after 300,000 miles (480,000 km) per vehicle.^[6] In 2007 the city approved the Clean Air Taxi Grant Program in order to encourage cab companies to purchase alternative fuel vehicles, by providing incentives of USD2,000 per new alternative fuel vehicle on a first-come, first-served basis.^[3][7]

Out of a total of 1,378 taxis eligible for the incentive (96 wheelchair accessible taxi-vans are excluded) 788 are alternative fuel vehicles, representing 57% of the San Francisco's taxicab fleet by March 2010. Gasoline-electric hybrids accounted for 657 green taxis and compressed natural gas vehicles for the remaining 131.^[3][7][8]

New York City

Further information: Taxicabs of New York City

The City Council passed a bill in 2003 requiring the New York City Taxi and Limousine Commission to set aside a proportion of new taxi medallions to be granted to vehicles that use cleaner fuels. The Commission cleared the first six hybrid models to be used as taxicabs by mid 2005 as there were concerns about which hybrids on the market had enough leg room.^[9] The models authorized were the Ford Escape Hybrid, Toyota Highlander Hybrid, Lexus RX 400h, Toyota Prius, Honda Accord Hybrid, and Honda Civic Hybrid.^[9] The first 27 hybrid taxis entered service in November 2005.^[10] As an incentive for fleet owners to buy hybrids, the Commission auctioned in 2004 the first taxi medallions for hybrids at discounted price of around US$170,000 less than the regular medallion price of US$400,000. In 2006 Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced that 254 of the 308 medallions to be auctioned by mid 2006 would be designated for hybrid and alternative-fuel cabs. The remaining 54 were for handicapped-accessible taxis.^[10]

Ford Escape Hybrid taxis in New York City.

As integral part of the 2007 PlaNYC, Mayor Bloomberg set the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions by 30 percent by 2030. For this purpose, its component GreeNYC plan established that all new taxi vehicles entering the fleet beginning in October 2008 should had a fuel economy of 25 miles per U.S. gallon (9.4 L/100 km; 30 mpg_-imp), rising to 30 miles per U.S. gallon (7.8 L/100 km; 36 mpg_-imp) for cars entering the fleet in October 2009.^[11] Since hybrid cars were at that time the only vehicles that could can meet meet those fuel standards, it was expected that most of New York's 13,000 taxis would be hybrids by 2012.^[11][12]

In September 2008 a group of taxi operators sued the city under the allegation that hybrids are not suitable for city taxis and partly based on a report that claimed that "hybrids could not handle 24-hour operation and that air bags might not deploy in taxis that have safety partitions between the driver and passengers."^[13][14] In October 2008 a federal judge blocked New York City from implementing the fuel economy requirement. The ruling established that the plaintiffs were likely to succeed in their key legal argument, "that the new regulations were pre-empted under federal law, which reserve regulation of fuel economy and emissions standards to federal agencies."^[14] At the time of the ruling NYC already had nearly 1,500 hybrids as a result of voluntary efforts, and only a fraction as a result of the medallion incentives.^[14]

Nissan Altima Hybrid taxi in New York City.

In March 2009 the Bloomberg administration attempted a different policy for replacing the taxicab fleet with hybrid or other low-emission vehicles. The Taxi and Limousine Commission enacted a set of incentives to allow taxi fleet owners to charge drivers more to drive hybrid or clean diesel cabs, and penalize fleet owners by lowering the amount they could charge to lease cabs that use more fuel and pollute more. The city argued that drivers would not be hurt by the higher hybrid leasing fees because those cars use less gasoline.^[15] This approach was also blocked after some taxi groups sued and obtained a preliminary court injunction.^[14][16] In July 2010 the city's appeal was rejected by a federal appeals court. The court upheld the initial ruling on the grounds that "the city's rules amounted to an effort to mandate fuel economy and emissions standards, something that only the federal government is allowed to do."^[17] On February 28, 2011, the United States Supreme Court declined to consider an appeal by the city.^[4]

As of mid 2009 New York City had reached 2,019 hybrid taxis and 12 clean diesel vehicles,^[15] representing 15% of New York's 13,237 taxis in service, the most in any city in North America, and by this time owners began retiring its original hybrid fleet after 300,000 and 350,000 miles (480,000 and 560,000 km) per vehicle.^[6][18] The Taxi and Limousine Commission's list of 12 vehicle models that can be used as yellow taxis includes nine models are hybrids.^[4] As of July 2011, New York City had 4,980 hybrid taxis, representing almost 38% of the city's overall fleet.^[19]

Boston

Several CleanAir Cabs program hybrid taxis in Boston. Program participants are identified by the green strip livery toward the back of the vehicle

The city of Boston launched the CleanAir Cabs program in April 2007. The program promotes replacing older fuel-inefficient cabs with hybrid and alternative fuel vehicles as the existing fleet ages out. The main benefit of the CleanAir Cabs program for cab drivers is the operating savings, as hybrid taxi cabs can get up to three times as many miles per gallon of fuel as the old Crown Victoria cabs. In addition, hybrid taxi drivers get two "front of the line" passes per shift at Logan Airport, allowing them to make two extra trips daily. Hybrid taxi owners who lease vehicles to drivers are allowed to charge drivers US$15 more per shift to lease a taxi, enabling medallion owners to earn more than US$5,000 annually. By early 2009 this voluntary program had translated into about 50 hybrid operating on Boston’s streets.^[20][21]

In August 2008 Boston mandated that all its 1,825 taxi fleet must be converted to hybrids by 2015.^[22] As of March 2009 about 10% of the taxicab fleet were already hybrids as owner voluntarily began introducing HEVs since 2002, mainly Toyota Camry Hybrids plus those introduced by the incentives of the CleanAir Cabs.^[23]

However, in March 2009 a group of taxi drivers and medallion owners sued in federal court the City of Boston to block the requirement and requested the city to delay the changeover for two or three years. They also complaint that the new rule is unreasonable because it forbids taxi owners from buying used hybrids.^[23] In July 2009 a federal judge granted the request for a temporary injunction and ordered the city to stop enforcing the rule requiring medallion owners to buy new hybrid cars by 2015.^[24] Among others, the taxi owners argued that the requirements infringe on federal authority to set fuel-economy and emissions standards, an argument successfully used by New York cab owners to block a similar requirement.^[24]

Vancouver

Toyota Prius taxi in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

Since 2007 all new taxi companies or additions to existing company fleets in British Columbia's two major urban areas must be highly energy efficient vehicles, such hybrids or high fuel economy vehicles.^[25][26] This policy was implemented as part of the BC government pledge to cut greenhouse gas emissions by at least 33 per cent by 2020.^[25] By mid 2010 hybrid taxis accounted for nearly 50% of Vancouver's taxicab fleet.^[27]

San Antonio

Through an ordinance, the city of San Antonio, Texas introduced a voluntary program in 2007 that allows taxi owners to swap the permit of one non-hybrid car for two permits valid only for hybrid electric vehicles.^[28][29] To prevent one fleet from obtaining all the permits, the largest company is allowed to replace only 1% of its fleet each year (six vehicles), while smaller companies can replace up to two vehicles. The statewide Texas Green & Go Clean Taxi Partnership was built based on the San Antonio program’s success.^[28] As of July 2010, more than 100 of the city’s 843 taxis were hybrids.^[30]

Arlington

Several hybrid taxis at Arlington, Virginia from several taxi cab companies.

The Arlington County Board authorized in September 2007 a new taxi company, EnviroCAB, to operate with an all-hybrid fleet of 50 vehicles. In addition, the Board authorized existing companies permission to add 35 hybrid taxis. The introduction of green taxis is part of a county campaign known as Fresh AIRE, or Arlington Initiative to Reduce Emissions. AIRE aims to cut production of greenhouse gases from county buildings and vehicles by 10% by 2012.^[31]

The hybrid taxis began operating in February 2008, allowing EnviroCAB to become the first all-hybrid taxicab fleet in the United States. EnviroCAB fleet consist of Toyota Prii, Toyota Camry Hybrids, Toyota Highlander Hybrids, and Ford Escape Hybrids.^[32]

The company claims to be the first carbon-negative taxicab company in the world, as it will completely offset its own emissions by purchasing "clean-source" offset credits. Also, EnviroCAB expects to offset the emissions of 100 of the approximately 685 non-hybrid taxis operating in Arlington by March 2008.^[32][33]

Cambridge

Cambridge's Clear Air Cab hybrid taxis display a green livery to identify the vehicles participating in the program.

In April 2008, the city of Cambridge, Massachusetts, in partnership with Whole Foods Market, began its Clear Air Cab program to promote the introduction of hybrid taxis with the objective to reduce the environmental impact of the city’s taxicabs by encouraging a switch to hybrid vehicles.^[21][28]

Whole Foods made a US$30,000 gift to sponsor the purchase of first six new Toyota Camry Hybrid taxis. In exchange, the company obtained exclusive three-year rights to display advertisements on these taxis. The city of Cambridge provided an additional US$10,000 grant per vehicle, using funds from the auction of two taxi medallions. As of March 2009, the program resulted in 15 hybrid taxis operating in the city. Whole Foods is no longer providing grants but the city continues to do so. The taxis participating in the Clean Air Cab program display a distinctive green stripe ^[21][28]

According to the Cambridge License Commission (CLC), and based on a study conducted by John Moore, along with Boston Cab and the Boston Public Health Commission, the average Cambridge cab driver travels about 100 miles (160 km) per shift. Assuming a gasoline price of US$3 per gallon ($0.79 per liter), the cab drivers would save an average of $18 to $21 per shift. During an average shift a Cambridge hybrid taxi will use between three to four gallons of gasoline as opposed to 10 gallons or more burnt by an outdated Crown Victoria taxicab.^[28]

Hamburg

In November 2008 Hamburg became the first city in Germany to deploy a fleet of 130 environmentally-friendly taxis that run on a hybrid electric or natural gas motor. Under the program, taxicabs that meet the low-emissions standards are allowed to be branded with an "Eco Taxis" logo.^[34]

Phoenix

Phoenix's Clean Air Cab that donated part of the fares to the Susan G. Komen for the Cure between 2009 and 2010.

Main article: Clean Air Cab

In October 2009, a fleet of 26 Toyota Prius began operating in Phoenix, Arizona, becoming the country's second all-hybrid taxicab fleet after Arlington, Virginia. The new company, Clean Air Cab, plans to expand its fleet to more than 200 hybrids.^[33] Clean Air Cab claims to be a carbon-neutral taxi service. In addition to lowering emissions with its hybrid fleet, the company purchases carbon offsets and supports global reforestation by subsidizing the planting of 10 Brazilian rainforest trees monthly for each cab in service.^[33][35]

Other U.S. cities

Denver and Seattle introduced their first hybrid taxis in 2007.^[36][37][38] Chicago followed New York City's lead by proposing a mandate for Chicago's entire fleet of 6,700 taxicabs to become hybrid by 1 January 2014. As of 2008 Chicago's fleet had only 50 hybrid taxicabs.^[39]

In Southern California, the city of Burbank approved by mid 2008 a request by United Independent and City Cabs to add hybrids to their fleets, and as of May 2009 hybrids represent 20% of the city's 120 taxi fleet. Long Beach Yellow Cab introduced its first hybrid in September 2008 and the city now has five Ford Escape Hybrids and five Toyota Prius. The first two hybrid cabs in Los Angeles were roll out in May 2009 by Bell Cab, and both are Toyota Prius, out of a citywide fleet of 2,303 taxicabs.^[40][41]

As a result of the legal difficulties faced by several cities to implement policies to replace existing taxi fleets with hybrids and other clean fuel vehicles, Senator Kirsten Gillibrand and Representative Jerrold Nadler, both from New York, introduced the Green Taxis Act in September 2009.^[16][42] The proposed Green Taxi Act would modified federal law to allow local governments to improve the emission control and fuel economy standards of their taxi cabs.^[16][42] Senator Gillibran is planning to reintroduce the legislation in 2011.^[4]

Other cities around the world

Toyota Prius taxi in Tokyo

The first hybrid taxicab in London entered operations in 2004. It was a diesel-electric hybrid black cab. The hybrid taxicab was developed by engine designer Azure Dynamics and London Taxis International with support from the Energy Saving Trust and the Department for Transport.^[43] Calgary introduced its first hybrid taxis in 2006 and the city's had 50 hybrid taxicabs by August 2010 roll out by Checker Yellow Cabs, Associated Cabs, and Mayfair Taxi.^[27]

Other cities where taxi service is available with hybrid vehicles include Tokyo, Sydney, Melbourne, Rome, Madrid, and Barcelona.^[44][45] Seoul introduced the first LPI hybrid taxi in December 2009. The internal combustion engine runs on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) as a fuel.^[46]

See also

Sustainable development portal

• Alternative fuel vehicle
• Battery electric vehicle
• Clean Air Cab (Arizona)
• Electric taxi
• Energy Policy Act of 2005
• Global Hybrid Cooperation
• Green transport
• Hybrid electric vehicle
• List of hybrid vehicles
• Low-carbon fuel standard
• Plug-in electric vehicle
• Plug-in hybrid
• Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
• Zero emissions vehicle

References

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40. ^ Fred Gober. "Hybrid taxis slowly catching on in the west". InfoTaxi. http://www.infotaxi.org/article_142.htm. Retrieved 2011-01-03. 
41. ^ Zach Behrensr (2009-05-13). "LA Gets its First Two Hybrid Taxis". LAist. http://laist.com/2009/05/13/la_gets_its_first_hybrid_taxi.php. Retrieved 2011-01-03. 
42. ^ ^{a b} "Gillibrand-Nadler “Green Taxis” Legislation Would Allow All Hybrid Taxi Fleet In New York City, Other Major Cities". Jerrold Nadler. 2009-09-30. http://nadler.house.gov/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1313&Itemid=115. Retrieved 2010-04-14. 
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46. ^ Seoul Metropolitan Government, PRNE (2009-12-17). "Eco-Friendly Hybrid Taxi Introduced in Seoul". PR Hub. http://blog.taragana.com/pr/eco-friendly-hybrid-taxi-introduced-in-seoul-10926/. Retrieved 2010-04-13. 

External links

• GreenTaxi.org website

Energy portal