Satsuma (fruit)

"Mikan" redirects here. For the song by Morning Musume, see Mikan (song).

Citrus unshiu
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Class:	Eudicots
Order:	Rosids
Suborder:	Sapindales
Family:	Rutaceae
Genus:	Citrus
Species:	C. unshiu
Binomial name
Citrus unshiu Marcow.[1]

The satsuma (Citrus unshiu) is a seedless and easy-peeling citrus mutant of Japanese origin introduced to the West.^{[2][3][4][5][6]} In Japan, it is known as mikan or formally unshu mikan (Japanese: 温州蜜柑, unshū mikan). In China, it is known as Wenzhou migan (Chinese: 温州蜜柑; pinyin: Wēnzhōu Mìgān). The Japanese name is a result of the local reading of the same characters used in the Chinese. In both languages, the name meaning "Honey Citrus of Wenzhou", Wenzhou being a city in Zhejiang province, China. It is also often known as "Seedless mandarin" (Chinese: 无核桔; pinyin: wúhé jú).

The common English name "satsuma" is derived from the former Satsuma Province in Japan, from which these fruits were first exported to the West.

Characteristics

Its fruit is sweet and usually seedless, about the size of other mandarin oranges (Citrus reticulata), smaller than an orange. One of the distinguishing features of the satsuma is the distinctive thin, leathery skin dotted with large and prominent oil glands, which is lightly attached around the fruit, enabling it to be peeled very easily in comparison to other citrus fruits. The satsuma also has particularly delicate flesh, which cannot withstand the effects of careless handling. The uniquely loose skin of the satsuma, however, means that any such bruising and damage to the fruit may not be immediately apparent upon the typical cursory visual inspection associated with assessing the quality of other fruits. In this regard, the satsuma is often categorised by citrus growers as a hit-and-miss citrus fruit, the loose skin particular to the fruit precluding the definitive measurement of its quality by sight and feel alone.

The Chinese and Japanese names reference Wenzhou, a city in the Zhejiang Province of China known for its citrus production. However, it has also been grown in Japan since ancient times, and the majority of cultivars grown in China today were cultivated in Japan and reverse-introduced into China in modern times.

Clementines are not the same variety as the unshiu or mikan mandarin.

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History

The satsuma originates from Japan.^{[2][3][4][5][6]} In 1916, a number of Japanese cultivars were introduced to Wenzhou.^{[citation needed]} These, and new cultivars developed from them, now dominate orchards in Wenzhou.^{[citation needed]} The traditional centre of satsuma production in Wenzhou is in the town of Wushan, in the Ouhai District of Wenzhou.^{[citation needed]}.

Export to the West

The fruit was brought from Asia to New Spain by Jesuits. Groves started by Jesuits in the 18th century in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, have continued to the present day.^[7]

The fruit became much more common in the United States starting in the late 19th century. In 1876 during the Meiji period, satsumas were brought to the United States from the Satsuma Province in Kyūshū, Japan by a spouse of a member of the U.S. Embassy. While the species originates from Japan, it does not originate from the Satsuma Province in particular. The towns of Satsuma, Alabama; Satsuma, Florida; Satsuma, Texas; and Satsuma, Louisiana were named after this fruit. By 1920 Jackson County in the Florida Panhandle had billed itself as the "Satsuma Capital of the World." However, the commercial industry was wiped out during a very cold period in the late 1930s. It has been planted in colder locations, because of its cold-hardiness and because colder weather will sweeten the fruit. A mature satsuma tree can survive down to –9.5 °C (15 °F) for a few hours. Of the edible citrus varieties, only the kumquat is more cold-hardy. Satsumas rarely have any thorns, an attribute that also makes them popular. They can be grown from seed, which takes about 8 years until the first fruits are produced, or grafted onto other citrus rootstocks, trifoliate orange being one of the most popular.

See also

• Clementine
• Mandarin orange
• Tangerine

References

1. ^ "Author Details: Marcowicz, Vasil Vasilevicz (1865-1942)". International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idAuthorSearch.do?id=6098-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_wholeName%3Dcitrus%2Bunshiu%26output_format%3Dnormal. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Hanelt, Peter et al. (2001). Mansfeld's encyclopedia of agricultural and horticultural crops (except ornamentals). Springer. p. 1033. ISBN 3540410171. http://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&pg=PA1033&dq=%22Citrus+unshiu%22#v=onepage&q=%22Citrus%20unshiu%22&f=false. "(natural distribution) Japan" 
3. ^ ^{a b} Wiersema, John Harry; León, Blanca (1999). World Economic Plants: A Standard Reference. CRC Press. p. 136. ISBN 0849321190. http://books.google.com/books?id=hQL-2sdxgDAC&pg=PA136&dq=%22Citrus+unshiu%22#v=onepage&q=%22Citrus%20unshiu%22&f=false. 
4. ^ ^{a b} "Plant Name Details: Rutaceae Citrus unshiu Marcow.". International Plant Names Index. http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=772094-1&back_page=%2Fipni%2FeditSimplePlantNameSearch.do%3Ffind_wholeName%3Dcitrus%2Bunshiu%26output_format%3Dnormal. "Original Data: Notes: Japon" 
5. ^ ^{a b} "Taxon: Citrus unshiu Marcow.". Germplasm Resources Information Network(GRIN), United States Department of Agriculture. http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?10793. "probable origin Japan" 
6. ^ ^{a b} Misaki, Akira (November 1999). "紀州有田みかんの起源と発達史(The Origin and the Development-Process of "Kisyu Arida Mikan(Arida Mandarin)")" (in Japanese). 経済理論(The Wakayama Economic Review) (University of Wakayama) 292: 97-118. http://www.eco.wakayama-u.ac.jp/keiken/kriron.html. "(After the many years of research, Dr. Tanaka has concluded the place of origin of Satsuma is Nagashima, Kagoshima. Satsuma is a chance seedling of Sōkitsu, Mankitsu, or Tendaisankitsu introduced from Huangyan Zhejiang, China. It appeared in the early Edo period.)"  Archived by Arita Mikan Database at http://www.mikan.gr.jp/report/kigen/index.html
7. ^ "WWNO: Satsumas (2009-10-03)". Publicbroadcasting.net. 2009-10-03. http://www.publicbroadcasting.net/wwno/news.newsmain/article/6681/0/1567462/Farmer's.Market/Satsumas. Retrieved 2009-12-06. 

External links

• The Satsuma Tangerine - University of Florida
• PLANTanswers - Texas Cooperative Extension